Chapter 14 - North and South
What sort of work developed in the North U.S.?
Industrial
Who built the first American steam powered locomotive, when, and what was it called?
Peter Cooper in 1830, it was called the Tom Thumb.
Who was Nat Turner and what was he famous for?
Nat Turner was a self-educated slave who led a slave revolt in 1831 in Virginia. He, along with his followers, killed almost 60 people. He was hanged two months after.
Even though slavery had mostly disappeared, ___________ still continued in the North.
Racism
Why did Southern cities grow more slowly than Northeastern cities?
Railroads were less common in the South. Only about 1/3 of the U.S.'s railroads were in the South.
What did the American Party support?
Restrictions on the political rights of immigrants, and a 21 year waiting period for citizenship. They also only backed native-born American Protestants for public offices.
Who invented the first steamboat, and when?
Robert Futon, in 1807.
What sort of work developed in the South U.S.?
Rural farming, such as cotton.
Who founded Freedom's Journal?
Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm
Who created the telegraph?
Samuel Morse
After the expansion of cotton, the expansion of _______ also boomed.
Slavery
Southern economy was dependent on __________.
Slavery
What were some cities that grew because of their connection to waterways and therefore profit?
St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville
How much did the sale of slaves' price increase with the rise of the Cotton Kingdom?
Ten-twenty times higher.
Around what decade of the 1800's did immigration increase? Why?
The 1840's, any people came for cheap land or survival.
What was the name of the first steamboat?
The Clermont
What invention also encouraged the growth of cotton farming?
The Cotton Gin
What did Eli Whitney invent, and when?
The Cotton Gin in 1793
What was one famous union in New York City that went on strike despite it being illegal?
The General Trades Union.
What caused a large number of Irish immigrants during the 1840's?
The Great Potato Famine was in Ireland and millions were starving to death.
What was a second type of song that developed in common African American culture?
African American spirituals.
By 1860, how many slaves were in the country?
Almost 4 million
How many Irish immigrants left home for the U.S. between 1846 and 1860?
1.5 Million
When did Congress ban the further importation of slaves? What problem did this NOT fix?
1808. Unfortunately, it did nothing to actually stop the continuation of slavery or the selling of slaves within the country, as long as they were already there.
When did the first steam-powered passenger train begin running, and where?
1829 in Britain
By 1852, how many miles of telegraph lines were in the U.S.?
23,000
About how many African Americans were free in the South? (Number and percentage)
2553,000 or 6%
How many miles a day could new "Clipper Ships" travel, and why did they get their name?
300 miles a day, they "clipped" time off long journeys.
By 1860, about what percentage of slaveholders actually had 20+ enslaved workers?
4%
How much more cotton could workers process with a cotton gin versus with their hands?
50 times more.
By 1790, how many slaves were in the country?
698,000
What is Morse code?
A code using dots and dashes that can easily be sent over long distances.
How much railroad track did the U.S. have by 1840?
About 3,000 miles.
How much railroad track did the U.S. have by 1860?
About 31,000 miles.
By 1860, most of the slaves in the South were ___________.
Born there
Besides railways, what other form of transport was used that transformed trade?
Canals
What religion were most enslaved African Americans?
Christian
What was the first African American newspaper and when was it founded?
Freedom's Journal, 1827
What states had been integrated to the South by 1850?
Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
Who were the rural poor?
Groups of people who lived in crude cabins and were lower-class. They were also often known to be stubborn and independent.
What were some tasks/jobs that slaves performed on plantations?
Cooking, cleaning, laundry, sewing, serving, blacksmiths, carpentry, field work,shoemaking, weaver, or tending livestock.
Who invented the mechanical reaper?
Cyrus McCormick
What were some problems African Americans in the North faced?
Discrimination, often not being allowed to vote, not being allowed to work in factories or in skilled trades, racial segregation in churches and schools.
What were yeoman farmers?
Farmers who generally owned small farms of between 50-200 acres. They general lived in the Upper South or hills of the Deep South. These people grew crops they would use themselves or traded them locally. They usually had little to no slavery on their small farms, which weren't plantation-style.
What were tenant farmers?
Farmers who rented land from property owners and lived in simple homes like cottages or cabins. These people were the majority of the white population.
What was the political group that formed from the nativists and when did it form? Also, what did they become known as?
It was called the American Party, though many people called it the Know-Nothing Party. It was officially formed in 1854.
Who revolutionized farming, when, and with what invention?
John Deere with his steel-tipped plow in 1837.
What did slave codes prohibit?
Large gatherings of enslaved people, leaving plantations without written passes, and teaching slaves to read or write.
What became a part of African American culture with all the pressure of possibly being sold away from your family?
Large, close families.
What were slave codes?
Laws used to control slaves.
Who was the first African American licensed to practice law in the U.S.?
Macon B. Allen
Why did many Germans come to the U.S. between 1820 and 1860?
Many Germans had taken part in failed revolutions against cruel rulers and they wanted to escape their punishment. Others also wanted work and good opportunities.
How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution (I.R.) change the way Americans lived?
Many people went from working on farms to working in factories.
What was phase two of industrialization?
The building of factories to bring specified workers together, under one roof.
What was phase one of industrialization?
The division of jobs in making a product into different sections.
What caused a huge demand for (Southern) cotton?
The drastic increase in industry in the North.
Who were the nativists and what did they believe in?
The nativists were people who dislike the arrival of immigrants. They believed that the immigration was threatening the native born citizens. They also generally wanted to keep the country open for the white, American born, Protestants.
What was the one thing that slaves really had to "protect" them?
The owners actually did need them healthy and productive to keep working.
Who were the plantation owners?
The owners of large slave worked plantations. They lived in luxury. Their wealth was measured by the number of slaves they had. They were the highest social class.
What was the Cotton Kingdom?
The rapid expansion and spread of cotton farming in the South.
What was phase three of industrialization?
The use of machinery to make products.
What was one song style that developed within African American culture during slavery?
The work song, or field holler. This was a rhythmic call-and-response type song that led a rhythm for their field work.
What were some main points that made life as a slave miserable?
They earned no money, their families were often split apart when their owners wanted to sell them, they were punished brutally.
Why did many Southern whites who didn't own slaves support slavery?
They feared slave uprisings, felt that whites were superior, resented the North's interference with the issue, or actually believed that the slaves' living conditions were better than Northern factory workers'.
How many phases of industrialization are there?
Three
What were some problems workers in the factory system suffered?
Too long hours, harsh conditions, if they were injured and could no longer work they simply lost their job, child labor was used.
What groups appeared among workers in the 1830's?
Trade Unions
What were some forms African Americans tried to resist the forced labor?
Working slowly intentionally, faking illness, sabotaging farm equipment, or trying to escape.
What "category" were most white Southerners in?
Yeoman farmers.
What were the four "categories" of white Southerners?
Yeoman, tenant farmers, rural poor, or plantation owners.
