chapter 14

Civil War is sometimes called

"the first modern war"

Pickett's charge at Gettysburg marked

"the high tide of the Confederacy."

Northerners opposed to the Union cause were known as:

) Copperheads

By 1862, how many states composed the Confederate States of America?

11

Population in the North was 22 million in 1860, while the white population of the South in 1860 was:

5.8 Million

death toll in the Civil War

620,000 Americans died in the Civil War--The number of war dead in terms of today's population would represent more than 5 million dead.--The number that died in the Civil War nearly equals the number of Americans who died in all of the nation's other wars combined.

Lincoln and Colonization

Abraham Lincoln had long supported voluntary colonization of free blacks, and he raised the issue in his first annual message to Congress. He rejected efforts to send black Americans to Africa as too expensive; in addition, he believed that black opposition to colonization stemmed from a fear of moving too far from the United States. Thus, Lincoln favored colonization in the Western Hemisphere. In 1862, Congress appropriated $600,000 to fund colonization plans. The president initially supported the establishment of a colony in Colombia. When those plans fell through, he approved an effort to colonize a small island near Haiti. Some 453 black Americans moved to Cow Island in April 1863. The colony proved an abysmal failure, and in 1864 Lincoln sent a ship to retrieve the colonists. He never promoted a similar effort.

George E. Pickett's crack division marched across an open field toward Union forces into withering gunfire in July 1863 at:

Gettysburg

battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862

It was the bloodiest day of fighting in American history; more died at Antietam than at D-Day in World War II.--4,300 men were killed that day in fighting and 2,000 of those wounded later died.--Antietam is located in Maryland, and southern forces under the command of General Robert E. Lee, having crossed into Maryland, were repelled in their northern advance by General McClellan and the Army of the Potomac.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln assert that the sacrifices of the Union soldiers would ensure that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth"

Women in the confederacy

Many southern women were enthusiastic supporters of the Confederacy during the early phases of the war. When Union troops occupied New Orleans in 1862, the women of that city displayed their patriotism by sewing Confederate flags on their clothing and singing songs celebrating the Confederacy. One woman dumped the contents of a chamber pot on a Union naval commander's head; other women spat on Union troops. Incensed by the women's resistance, Major General Benjamin Butler issued General Order No. 28, which allowed women who harassed Union soldiers to be identified as prostitutes. The order outraged sensibilities throughout the South, earning Butler the nickname "The Beast."

election of 1864

Realizing that their platform of a negotiated peace might be regarded as a surrender, Democrats made race an issue in the election of 1864. They claimed that Republicans advocated sexual relations between white and black Americans, and even coined a new term, "miscegenation," which meant the blending of the races. Democrats mocked the Emancipation Proclamation as the "Miscegenation Proclamation" and derided Abraham Lincoln as "Abraham Africanus the First." These efforts failed to sway northerners, who were more concerned with military victory in the war.

Woman and work

The Civil War increased economic opportunities available to women in the northern states. However, working women did not necessarily enjoy an improved standard of living. For example, seamstresses in New York saw their incomes decline by as much as 50 percent even as wartime inflation drove prices ever higher. They worked for subcontractors hired by the U.S. government to produce clothing that the soldiers needed. The subcontractors enjoyed substantial profits while they paid women lower wages.

Ex parte Milligan

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Ex parte Milligan involved an Indiana man named Lambdin P. Milligan, an antiwar Democrat. Federal officials claimed that Milligan was a member of a secret order plotting to seize a federal arsenal and release Confederate prisoners of war. Fearing that local juries would not convict him, the army convened a military tribunal, which found Milligan guilty and sentenced him to die. Milligan's lawyers appealed the ruling, arguing that the military trial was unconstitutional. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed, noting that the civilian courts in Indiana were functioning and could have heard the case. The court's opinion was unpopular in the North, where it was argued that the ruling would undermine efforts to restore control over the defeated Confederacy. Lambdin Milligan was released after having spent eighteen months in federal custody. He later won a judgment for false imprisonment, receiving an award of five dollars, the maximum damages permitted in such cases.

Robert E. Lee

The commander of the Army of Northern Virginia was:

significant wartime developments

Women on both sides assumed many roles traditionally reserved for men.--What began as a war to preserve the union gradually expanded into a war to end slavery.--Northerners came to think of America more as a single nation than as a union of separate states.

Of the more than 180,000 black men who served in the Union Army during the Civil War, how many died of disease, wounds, or in battle?

a third

"Civil War"

a war between political factions or regions within the same country.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in December 1865:

abolished slavery throughout the Union.

"contraband camps"

camps of fugitive slaves.

Photographs of battlefields, soldiers, war dead, war encampments and so forth

carried the war into millions of Americans' living rooms.

major targets of the New York City draft riots

conscription officials--affluent Republicans--African-Americans

Many late-nineteenth-century "captains of industry" made their initial fortunes

during the Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln's January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation:

freed some slaves, but exempted those in areas under Union control.

General Robert E. Lee launched his September 1862 invasion into Maryland with a variety of goals in mind

getting Britain and France to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation.--influencing elections in the North.--convincing border states to join the Confederacy.

During the Civil War, Congress made

grants for up to 100 million acres to the railroads.

Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia in December 1862:

northern forces suffered one of their worst defeats of the war.

significant factors behind the Union's defeat of the Confederacy

pro-Union initiatives on the part of the slaves--the ruthless resolve of Union generals like Grant and Sherman--the superior material resources of the North

major thrusts of expanded federal activity during the war

promotion of westward expansion--restriction of public expression--issuance of paper money

The Wade-Davis Bill, introduced in Congress in the summer of 1864

required a majority of white male southerners to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction could begin, and guaranteed blacks equality before the law, but not the vote.

sources of growing disaffection among whites on the Confederate homefront

the "substitution" clause of the conscription system--the military confiscation of yeomen's goods--the suppression of Unionist dissent

By making the Union army an agent of emancipation and joining together the goals of Union and abolition,

the Emancipation Proclamation sounded the eventual death knell of slavery.

At Vicksburg in July 1863:

the Union, under U.S. Grant's leadership, was victorious.

In March 1865, the month before the Civil War ended, the Confederate Congress authorized

the arming of slaves.

Lincoln issued his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation immediately following:

the battle of Antietam.

The first income tax was enacted under

the leadership of the Republican Party.

Homestead Act

took effect on January 1, 1863 and offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the West.

Black valor on the battlefield

won over many northerners to a belief in equal rights before the law, regardless of race.

Southern Unionism

Union sympathies tended to be strongest in those areas of the South where slavery was not essential to the economy. As a result, mountainous areas such as eastern Tennessee, northern Alabama, and the Texas Hill Country were often Union strongholds. The mountainous western counties of Virginia, which had opposed secession in 1861, went so far as to enter the Union as a new state, West Virginia, in 1863.

Economic cost of emancipation

When Great Britain abolished slavery in 1834, it provided compensation to slaveholders. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation contained no such provision, and masters received nothing for their property losses. In 1860, the some four million slaves in the United States were valued at an estimated $3.5 billion, the equivalent of $68 billion in 2003.

Railroads

The differences between the northern and southern railroad systems illustrates the advantages the Union had over the Confederacy during the Civil War. In 1860, the northern states had 22,000 miles of track, while the South claimed only 9,000 miles. During the war, the North added 4,000 miles of track; the South added only 400 miles. Southerners spent far less to build their tracks (about $27,000 per mile, compared to $48,000 in northeastern states). As a result, southern routes were inferior and had fewer workers. To make matters worse, many railroad workers in the South hailed from the North and headed home when the war began. Northern factories built some 450 locomotives in 1860, while the southern states produced only 19 locomotives that year. The vast differences in the size and quality of the railroad systems gave the Union a clear advantage in moving men and supplies to meet the needs of the military.

Black sailors

The experience of African-Americans who enlisted in the Union Navy differed markedly from that of the men who served as soldiers. The navy accepted black enlistees long before the army proved willing to do so. Black sailors received the same treatment as their white shipmates. They earned the same pay and were treated equally under the military justice system, which was often not the case for black soldiers. Historians note several reasons between the army and navy that explain these differences. The navy faced manpower shortages early in the war, which made its officers willing to accept black sailors. Shipboard conditions made it difficult to discriminate against blacks on board. Finally, the average black soldier was a former slave who had few skills and no formal education. Most black sailors were free men from northern states who were skilled laborers. As such, their contributions were valued, and they enjoyed better treatment.

black soldiers during the Civil War

They initially received lower pay than white soldiers.--They were disproportionately assigned to labor rather than combat.--They could not attain the rank of commissioned officer in the early years of the war.