Chapter 15-18 & 30
Multiple species of coral release their gametes into the water but only those of the same species are able to successfully fuse.
Prezygotic Isolation
True or False The bottleneck effect is thought to be responsible for the loss of genetic variability in certain populations.
True
True or False The founder effect is an example of genetic drift in which rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population.
True
Darwin observed numerous different species of ___ on the Galapagos Islands that each had beaks specially adapted to their food choice.
finches
What features was present in the transitional species between amphibian tetrapods and the fishes?
fins, simple wrist bones, and expanded ribs
The remains and traces that provide evidence of past life are called ___. Typically when an organism dies, their body becomes ___. However, sometimes the organism is buried quickly or in a manner so that this process does not occur, and instead, the organism becomes ___. Often, the shell, bones, and ___ of organisms undergo this process. The study of these fossils and the information that they can provide is called ___. Most of the fossils are found in ___ rock, formed by the gradual settling of ___ into layers called ___. The lower the layers, the ___ they were deposited; the higher the layers, the ___ they were deposited. This concept is known as the ___ and can be used to give the approximate age of fossils found within the layers.
fossils; decomposed; fossilized; teeth; paleontology; sedimentary; sediment; stratum; earlier; later; law of superposition
An example of genetic drift in which a small group of individuals establishes a larger population is called the ___. A population exhibiting this effect is normally ___ from a general population.
founder effect; isolated
In ___, proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg.
gametic isolation
All primates have large complex brains. In ___, the portion devoted to smell is smaller, while the portions devoted to other more complex sensory processes are larger when compared to ___. In this regard, ___ have greater hand-eye coordination and communication skills than ___.
humans and apes; prosimians; humans and apes; prosimians
The forelimb of a whale and the wing of a bat are both used for locomotion, but in very different ways. However, when the bone structure of these limbs is examined, they are found to be very similar. This indicates that these two different species...
likely share a common ancestor
Individual organisms within a population differ in reproductive success; those that manage to successfully capture a larger amount of resources and produce more ___ have greater ___, a measure of this reproductive success. As the environment changes, populations __ to conditions. Individuals that are better suited to the environment survive and pass on their traits, making those favorable characteristics more prevalent in the population over time.
offspring; fitness; adapt
H. habilis and H. rudolfensis were likely ___ and fossils were found with many ___.
omnivores; tools
The nucleus is thought to have evolved due to an invagination of the ___.
plasma membrane
The study of ___ investigates the movement of continents.
plate tectonics
A type of ___ called ___ results when two related species hybridize, causing chromosome numbers to ___. This allows chromosomes to pair up during meiosis, meaning that these organisms are ___. This type of polyploidy is common in ___ and results in new species
polyploidy; alloploidy; double; fertile; plants
By looking at the frequencies of alleles within a single ___ over a period of time, one can determine if ___ has occured.
population; microevolution
-zygote mortality - hybrid sterility - f2 fitness
postzygotic isolating mechanisms fertilization
All primates have ___ hands and feet, meaning they are adapted to grasping and holding.
prehensile
Scientists developed the ___ model after their studies of the fossil record revealed that some species appear quite suddenly and then remain essentially unchanged phenotypically for a long period of time.
punctuated equilibrium
In the founding individuals of population, ___ alleles can be present. These ___ alleles may be at a higher frequency in the founder population than they were in the original population. Because of this, evolution is said to have occurred because the ___ of the population has changed.
rare; rare; allele frequency
All primates have a(n) ___ rate of reproduction, resulting in a(n)___ age of sexual maturity and extended life span.
reduced; increased
The ___ proposes that modern humans evolved only in Africa and then migrated to Europe and Asia. This model suggest that we are ___ genetically similar, a model supported by ___ DNA sequences.
replacement model; more; mitochondrial
As represented in the ___ model, it is hypothesized that ___ modern humans have a recent common ancestor, Cro-Magnon. There is paleontological ___ for this hypothesis, as well as evidence in ___. The ___ of modern humans are extremely ___. In fact, experiments show that the amount of genetic ___ between individuals of the same ethnic group is ___ than between groups.
replacement; all; support; mitochondrial DNA; genotypes; similar; variation; greater
His observations of ___ in different ___ led him to speculate that differences in the environment could modify species accordingly.
rheas; latitudes
Within the population of finches on the Galapagos Islands, ___ exists within beak size. During wet years, small tender seeds flourish and ___ beaks have a selective advantage. During dry years, large dry seeds flourish and ___ beaks have a selective advantage.
variation; small; large
Miller and Urey performed experiments to support the ___ hypothesis.
"primordial soup"
Ordovician
Hardest hit species were marine invertebrates and coral Cause: Colder temps due to continental drift
During the ___ epoch, angiosperms diversified and primates, herbivores, carnivores, and insectivores first appeared.
Paleocene Cenozoic era
Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Permian Carboniferous
Paleozoic
As Darwin sailed around South America, he had opportunity to compare the ___ of the grasslands with the animals commonly found in the grasslands of England.
Patagonian cavy
Cretaceous
Placental mammals first evolved
During the ___ epoch, herbaceous plants diversified and modern humans appeared.
Pleistocene Cenozoic era
During the ___ epoch, herbaceous flowering plants flourished and the ancestors to humans first appeared.
Pliocene Cenozoic era
- A horse is crossed with a donkey. The resulting offspring is unable to reproduce with either horses or donkeys.
Postzygotic Isolation
Eggs laid by female Drosophila melanogaster that are fertilized by a male D. biarmipes fail to develop into larvae.
Postzygotic Isolation
Seeds from hybrid tomatoes are unable to produce more tomatoes.
Postzygotic Isolation
- mechanical isolation - gamete isolation
Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms Mating
- habitat isolation - temporal isolation - behavioral isolation
Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms Premating
Female gypsy moths produce pheromones that are not recognized by males of other moth species.
Prezygotic Isolation
Five species of flycatcher birds live in the same area but breed at different times of the year.
Prezygotic Isolation
Flowers of the black sage are pollinated by one insect and flowers of the white sage are pollinated by a different insect.
Prezygotic Isolation
Earth forms
4.5 BYA
While researches agree that ___ evolved from ___, the exact mechanism remains unclear.
H. erectus, H. habilis
Prokaryotes evolve
3.5 BYA
Statements for an argument in favor of evolution being opportunistic, to demonstrate that this process is not goal-oriented.
- HIV is a virus that causes AIDS and relies on reverse transcriptase to make copies of itself inside human immune cells. During virus replication, transcription errors ensue and the reverse transcriptase gene is mutated. - Virions carrying the mutated reverse transcriptase gene are resistant to the antiretroviral drug AZT. - Virions resistant to AZT survive and pass on their mutant copy of the reverse transcriptase gene. - The virion population shift to becoming predominantly AZT-resistant. -Treatment with AZT is halted and a new antiretroviral drug is used that destroys AZT-resistant virions. - The remaining virions are not resistant to AZT, but are resistant to the new antiretroviral drug. - The virion population shifts toward AZT susceptible, and AZT is again an effective treatment.
Conditions that are necessary for the maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
- Individuals mate at random - All genotypes within a population have an equal chance at reproduction - The population and therefore the gene pool are very large - No new mutations are introduced within a population - No members of a population leave and no new members enter a population
Ardipithecines
- bipedal - brain averaged 300-350 cc - males and females same size - provide evidence for mosaic evolution - Ardi
Australopithecines
- bipedal - brain averaged 370-515 cc - males distinctly larger than females - provide evidence for mosaic evolution - Lucy
Darwin observed that
- members of a population vary in their functional, physical, and behavioral characteristics - there is a constant struggle for survival of organisms - organisms in a normal population differ in reproductive success
In a sample population of people, 36% have the recessive trait of "free" earlobes (q2). What is the frequency of the dominant allele for attached earlobes, p?
0.40 (q2)= 36/100= 0.36 To find the allele frequency (q) you must take the square root of 0.36, which equals 0.6 To find the dominant allele frequency (p) use the equation 1-q=p, which is 1-0.6=0.40
In a population, 25% of individuals exhibit albinism which is a lack of production of the pigment melanin. It is caused by two recessive allele (q2). What is the frequency of the recessive allele (g) in this population?
0.50 If the recessive population (q2) is 25%-25/100=0.25 to find the allele frequency (q) you must take the square root of 0.25 which equals 0.50
Protists diversify
1 BYA
Events in chronological order with the earliest (oldest) event first.
1) Nonvascular land plants and jawless fish evolve 2) Jawed fish dominate ocean life 3) Seed plants and insects appear 4) Reptiles evolve 5) Gymnosperms appear 6) Dinosaurs rule the Earth as flowering plants evolve 7) The first mammals evolve as conifers and cycads dominate
1) Sahelanthropus tchadensis is thought to be the earliest known ancestor of the hominins. They had an ape-like ___ and were thought to exhibit ___. 2) Australopithecines evolved from ___ in Africa around 4 MYA. Although the australopithecine ___ was small, their limbs indicate ___, indicating ___ evolution. 3) Homo habilis were the first to use ___ and it is thought that ___ and society might have originated with them. They had a larger ___, small teeth indicative of a(n) ___ diet, and used ___ to communicate and cooperate together in groups. 4) Homo erectus had a larger ___, flatter face, and were significantly ___ than previous hominins. H. erectus were the first to use ___ and also made use of heavy axes and cleavers.
1) brain; bipedalism 2) Ardipithecus ramidus; brain; bipedalism; mosaic 3) tools; culture; brain; omnivorous; speech 4) brain; taller; fire
Multicellular organisms evolve
1.4 BYA
Eukaryotes evolve
2.1 BYA
Eukaryotic cells originated approximately ___ years ago.
2.1 billion
Oxygen accumulates
2.7 BYA
In a species of rodent, white coat color is recessive to the dominant brown color. In a population of 100 individuals, 16 are white and 84 are brown. Of the 84 brown ones, how many are expected to be heterozygous (2pq)?
48 If the recessive population (q2) is 16/100=0.16 to find the allele frequency (q) you must take the square root of 0.16, which equals 0.4 To find the dominant allele frequency (p) use the equation 1-q=p, which is 1-0.4=0.6 To find 2pq, set up your equation 2(0.4)(0.6)=0.48 To find the number of heterozygotes out of 100, 100x0.48=48
Molecular evidence suggest that hominin evolution began approximately ___ years ago.
5 million
Invertebrates evolve
630 MYA
Devonian
70% of marine invertebrates Cause: Bolide event or colder temperatures due to continental drift
Permian
90% of all species Cause: Excess levels of carbon dioxide because of continental drift
- uses radioactive decay of 14C - dating is made possible by comparing the isotopic ratios of living organisms to those of fossils - accurate for fossils up to 600,000 years old - uses K-Ar to date older remains
Absolute Dating
-a galapagos island contains 13 finch species, each adapted to their particular niche, all of which evolved from a single population two different species of fish within a river give rise to several new species, all with a streamlined shape, necessary for navigating the rough river currents of their habitats
Adaptive Radiation
- marsupials were originally in both South America and Australia but were out-competed in South America - finches on the Galapagos Islands were similar to those on the mainland, but had unique beaks suited specifically to life on the island.
Biogeographical Evidence
True or False Dominant alleles are always the most common alleles in a population.
True
- mitochondria and chloroplasts divide in a manner similar to binary fission - the outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to those of eukaryotes and the inner membranes are similar to those of prokaryotes - mitochondria and chloroplasts are approximately the same size as prokaryotes - mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes, and outer membrane like that of eukaryotes and an inner membrane like that of bacterial cells - mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and synthesize their own proteins
All present evidence of the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution
- suggest that new species evolve when a population of an existing species moves into a new habitat - a city is built in the valley between 2 hillsides and as a result, the populations of either hillside rarely interbreed with each other. Over time, enough genetic differences accumulate so that a new species is formed. - considered to be the most common way new species form
Allopatric Speciation
Permian
Amphibians declined as reptiles and gymnosperms diversified.
- the bone structure of whale fines, bat wings, and human arms are all very similar - all vertebrates have a tail and a gill pouch at some stage of embryonic development
Anatomical Evidence
How does an antibiotic act as a selective agent in promoting bacterial resistance?
Bacteria with a random mutation that allows resistance to that antibiotic are able to survive exposure and reproduce, passing the resistance mutation on to subsequent generations of bacteria.
Darwin completed a five year journey around the world on the HMS ___. During this time, he made many observations, including finding raised beaches and marine ___ located high in the Andes Mountains. Because the mountains were a great distance from the sea, Dawin hypothesized that ___ geological changes in the Earth brought them there over time.
Beagle; fossils; slow
- all organisms contain DNA, RNA, and ATP -Hox genes are highly conserved and found in all animals
Biochemical Evidence
Hominoids
Gibbons Orangutans Chimpanzees Gorillas Humans
Quaternary Tertiary
Cenozoic
Uniformitarianism: the Earth today is shaped by the same slow natural processes that shaped it in the past.
Charles Lyell and James Hutton
Hominins
Chimpanzees Humans
- a species of orchid is pollinated only by the male of a single species of wasp - moths have long probisci necessary to glean nectar from the long-tubed flowers from which they feed and pollinate
Coevolution
Observation: Rhea birds in South America look similar to African ostriches.
Conclusion: Different/unrelated species can evolve similar traits when living in a similar environment. Overarching Conclusion: Individuals have heritable differences and if those differences lead to greater reproductive success, they will occur more frequently in subsequent generations.
Observation: Finches on the Galapagos Island were different from those on the nearby mainland.
Conclusion: New species arise from preexisting species. Overarching Conclusion: Individuals have heritable differences and if those differences lead to greater reproductive success, they will occur more frequently in subsequent generations.
Observation: Strata within the Andes Mountains contained fossilized marine organisms.
Conclusion: The Earth is very old and changes over very long periods of time. Overarching Conclusion: Individuals have heritable differences and if those differences lead to greater reproductive success, they will occur more frequently in subsequent generations.
Observation: Long-necked tortoises lived in areas with tall cacti, and short-necked tortoises lived in areas with short cacti.
Conclusion: Related species can evolve different traits when exposed to different environments. Overarching Conclusion: Individuals have heritable differences and if those differences lead to greater reproductive success, they will occur more frequently in subsequent generations.
Observation: Layers of rock on South American beaches contained extinct fossil remain.
Conclusion: The Earth is very old and changes over very long periods of time. Overarching Conclusion: Individuals have heritable differences and if those differences lead to greater reproductive success, they will occur more frequently in subsequent generations.
Triassic
Coniferous plants and cycads dominated the forests as mammals and dinosaurs first evolved.
- two different species of fish within a river give rise to several new species, all with a streamlined shape, necessary for navigating the rough river currents of their habitats - both spiders and snakes have fangs with which to kill and immobilize their prey
Convergent Evolution
___ is said to occur when a similar trait evolves in two unrelated species while ___ is when a species evolves in response to another species.
Convergent evolution; coevolution
Jurassic
Dinosaurs ruled the Earth as flowering plants evolved.
During the ___ epoch, heavy rainfall increased the spread of subtropical forests and modern mammals appeared.
Eocene Cenozoic era
Species change over time
Erasmus Darwin
- Brussels sprouts evolved as a result of farmers selecting for abnormally large bud size. - Intentional choice to breed animals with desirable traits. - Kohlrabi evolved as a result of farmers selecting for plants with increased lateral meistematic growth. - Chinese cabbage evolved as a result of farmers selecting for plants with decreased internode length. - Dogs are all the same species but breeds exist due to selective dog breeding by humans.
Examples of artificial selection
Meteorites carrying organic molecules seeded the Earth with organic molecules.
Extraterrestrial Origins Hypothesis
- Tiktaalik fossils show an intermediate between fish and tetrapods - the remains of ancient whales have leg bones, indicating a terrestrial ancestor
Fossil Evidence
Catastrophism: a newly assembly of species moves into an area after mass extinction events.
Georges Cuvier
While the earliest hominins were not within the genus ___ similar to modern day humans, they are still considered closely related because they exhibit ___ rather than ___.
Homo; bipedalism; quadrupedalism
Humans share some of the same genes, such as ___ genes, with simpler organisms such as ___. These ___ genes control the development of the body plan in all animals. Therefore, they are ___ conserved, meaning that ___ mutations survive.
Hox; insects; Hox; highly; few
Devonian
Insects and amphibians evolved as the first seed plants begin to appear.
Dissolved gases such as carbon monoxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide rise from thermal vents and pass over iron and nickel. The resulting sulfides act as catalysts to drive the evolution of organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis
Organic molecules react with iron and nickel sulfides at thermal vents to produce peptides.
Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis
Even though a population in true Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot exist, how can using the equation be useful?
It can be used to detect changes in gene frequencies in a population over time
Silurian
Jawed fish flourished in the oceans as plants evolved vascular tissues.
Ordovician
Jawless, then jawed fish evolved as did the first land plants.
The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: physical changes that are acquired by an organism during its lifetime are passed on to its offspring.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Prosimians
Lemurs Tarsiers
In his theory of natural selection, Darwin incorporated the premise that available resources were not sufficient for all members of a population to survive. Darwin adopted these ideas of competition and survival from.
Malthus
Tertiary
Mammals similar to those today evolved and flourished
Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic
Mesozoic
During the ___ epoch, grasslands spread as forests retreated, while grazing animals and insects flourished.
Miocene Cenozoic era
Quaternary
Modern humans appeared as the Ice Age began
Cretaceous
Nearly 50% of all species including dinosaurs and reptiles Cause: Bolide event
Triassic
Nearly half of all species, especially ferns and corals Cause: Bolide event
Anthropoids
Older World Monkeys New World Monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Chimpanzees Gorillas Humans
During the ___ epoch, monkey-like primates and modern flowering plants began to appear.
Oligocene Cenozoic era
Earth contains water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia, creating a reducing atmosphere so that redox reactions drive the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
Primordial Soup Hypothesis
Examples of primates and the traits common to this order:
Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans: - Mobile limbs - Reduced reproductive rate - Large, complex brain - Arboreal life (most) - Binocular vision - Flat nails (most)
Amino acids present in shallow puddles along ocean shores are heated by the sun to form proteinoids with catalytic properties.
Protein First Hypothesis
Organic monomers evolve into RNA, which functions as a catalyst to direct the formation of other molecules.
RNA First Hypothesis
- dating is made possible by comparing the presence of index fossils with fossilized remains. - based on the law of superposition - dating is made possible when a fossil is sandwiched between sediment layers which have fossils of a known age
Relative Dating
Resulting zygotes cannot survive
Reproductive Barrier: Postzygotic Isolation Type of Isolation: Hybrid Inviability
Species have courtship patterns that prevent interbreeding
Reproductive Barrier: Prezygotic Isolation Type of Isolation: Behavioral Isolation
Species occupy different environments and are unlikely to meet to reproduce.
Reproductive Barrier: Prezygotic Isolation Type of Isolation: Habitat Isolation
The sperm and eggs between related species are not compatible
Reproductive Barrier: Prezygotic Isolation Type of Isolation: Gamete Isolation
Reproductive structure makes species incompatible for interbreeding
Reproductive Barrier: Prezygotic Isolation Type of Isolation: Mechanical Isolation
Species live nearby, but mate at different times
Reproductive Barrier: Prezygotic Isolation Type of Isolation: Temporal Isolation
Resulting hybrids are incapable of producing viable offspring
Reproductive Isolation: Postzygotic Isolation Type of Isolation: Hybrid Sterility
Carboniferous
Reptiles evolved as ferns, club mosses, and horsetails flourished.
Homo floresiensis was discovered in 2004 on the island of Flores in the ___. H. floresiensis is suspected to have evolved from ___ H. erectus populations.
South Pacific; island-hopping
- new species can evolve from a population of an existing species if a chromosome mutation, such as polyploidy, in one population prevents interbreeding with the other. - black mussels in a pond occupy rocky shoreline. Mutation in this population introduces a white mussel that occupies sandy shoreline. Over time, the white mussel population does not breed with black mussels and evolves into a new species. - no physical barrier prevents mating between populations.
Sympatric Speciation
Cambrian
The first chordates appeared as marine algae flourished.
What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
There are no changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next
The human population is growing at an exponential rate, but limited food, water, and shelter keep this growth in check.
Thomas Malthus
True or False Alfred Wallace came to his conclusions about natural selection after eight years of collecting and identifying thousands of species in the Malay Archipelago.
True
True or False You have been studying a newly discovered species of lemur. You have established that sexual selection has been a powerful force in the evolution of this species and it is clear that female choice plays an important role in determining which males procure mates. After many hours of observation and data collection, you find that females prefer males that are more proficient at collecting sap and fruit. You should conclude that your data strongly supports the good genes hypothesis.
True
Natural selection occurs when
a new genetic variation occurs that allows individuals to have a reproductive and survival advantage.
A type of speciation that occurs when a single species quickly gives rise to many new species as they adapt to various niches within the environment.
adaptive radiation
If the frequencies of ___ do not change from one generation to the next, ___ has occurred.
alleles; genetic equilibrium
If the frequencies of ___ has changed, then ___ has occurred.
alleles; microevolution
Evolution is considered a change in the frequencies of ___ over generations. Microevolution is the change in the frequencies of alleles in ___ from one generation to the next.
alleles; populations
A bird's wing and the wing of an insect are examples of...
analogous structures
Fossils from two species of a group called ___ have been found and dated back to around 4.4 and ___ years ago. Some of the fossil structures are very ___-like, including short stature, small head and brain, low forehead with heavy eyebrow ridges, and ___. Other fossil structures are very ___-like, including the lack of sharp canines and the presence of ___.
ardipithecines; between 5.2 and 5.8 million; ape; opposable toe; hominin; bipedalism
Other evidence of culture from Cro-Magnons includes ___, jewelry, and tools for hunting. These tools included ___ tools such as stone flakes fitted onto wooden handles and knife-like blades and spears. The increase in tool usage and hunting may have been responsible for the ___, or the extinction of many large mammals. Modern humans are no longer called Cro-Magnon after the rise of ___ in 10,000 BP.
art; compound; Pleistocene overkill; agriculture
Fossils from a group of hominins, called the ___ have been found and dated back to ___ years ago. Fossils of the genus range in body form. Some have a ___ or slender body form, while others have more ___ or powerful body forms, indicating adaptations to different ways of life.
australopithecines; 4 million; gracile; robust
Another type of polyploidy called ___ results when a ___ organisms produces diploid gametes because of ___. These diploid gametes can fuse with normal ___ gametes, resulting in ___ organisms, or with other diploid gametes, resulting in ___ organisms. Those with an odd number of chromosomes, such as ___, are sterile, while those with an even number of chromosomes, such as ___, are fertile.
autoploidy; diploid; nondisjunction; haploid; triploid; tetraploid; triploid; tetraploid
Darwin was very interested in why animals on distant and isolated landmasses appear related to animals on the mainlands, yet were very distinct. Which of the following types of evidence would help Darwin make sense of his observations?
biogeographical
It has also been suggest that ___ allowed for caregivers to carry infants by hand, and allowed males to forage for food easier, which would be advantageous.
bipedalism
Originally, it was suggested that ___ evolved after a dramatic climate change caused the ___ to be replaced with ___. However, recent evidence from ___ fossils suggest that they lived in the woods and walked upright, so it is questionable the advantages bipedalism would offer if this suggestion was true.
bipedalism; forests; grassland; Ardipithecine
Cro-Magnons had light ___, flat foreheads, and domed skulls, which housed large brains of ___. With their large, developed brains, Cro-Magnons utilized a ___ composed of patterned sounds, which allowed cooperation in social organization.
bones; 1590 cc; language
Darwin observed organisms and populations to form his idea of natural selection, which is the process by which he proposed species ___.
change over time
Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis are ___ related and have a more ___ anatomy than other fossils in this group.
closely; primitive
The ___ of the Earth is fragmented into slabs that float over a hot lower layer called the ___. These slabs move similar to a conveyor belt that moves ___.
crust; mantle; both ocean and land
Relative time of divergence from a common ancestor can be estimated by
comparing the degree of difference in protein structure
Analogous structures may represent
convergent evolution
Darwin noticed the Patagonian cavy resembled England's rabbit with its long legs and ears and wondered if it was because they were adapted to the same environment, today known as ___.
convergent evolution
When similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environment constraints, ___ is said to have occurred. For example, both butterflies and birds use wings to fly, although these evolved ___. Similar traits that evolve ___ in unrelated species are called ___ traits. This is in contrast with ___ traits that do share a common ancestor. When species evolve together such that one influences the other, ___ is said to have occurred. For example, orchids ___ along with insects so that a single species of wasp is responsible for pollinating a single species of orchid.
convergent evolution; independently; independently; analogous; homologous; coevolution; coevolved
The protein ___ is essential for cellular respiration.
cytochrome c
The number of differences between the amino acid sequence of ___ in humans ___ with increasing distance from simpler organisms.
cytochrome c; increases
The sequence of amino acids for ___ in humans is very similar to that of simpler organisms, such as ___. This indicates that these organisms share a ___ ancestor.
cytochrome c; yeast; common
The fossilized remains of two different species are found and scientist are interested in determining the evolutionary relationship of the two species. Which of the following could be used to determine the relatedness? a) homologous structures b) vestigial structures c) biogeography d) all the choices could be examined to determine relatedness
d) all the choices could be examined to determine relatedness
Which of the following is the source of new, novel alleles in a population? a) mitosis b) gene flow c) crossing over in meiosis d) mutation
d) mutation
The ___ suggests that these ___ were engulfed by another cell. However, instead of being consumed, a ___ occurred and they became organelles. This theory of the origin of organelles is called the ___.
endosymbiotic theory; prokaryotes; symbiosis; endosymbiotic theory
A random alteration in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant allele is known as a
gene mutation
Random changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool are referred to as ___. These changes are due to chance rather than selection in the environment. These events can include natural disasters, disease, or famine. Because of this, events smaller necessarily lead to adaptations to the environment. Although genetic drift occurs in populations of all sizes, the effect on the frequencies of alleles is greatest in small populations.
genetic drift
During the course of Darwin's journey aboard the HMS Beagle he was collecting and recording ___ and ___.
geological; biological diversity evidence
Closely related species
have similar amino acid sequences in some proteins
If there is gene flow between two adjacent populations of the same species, then two populations will
have similar gene pools
Darwin and others noted that organisms exhibit ___ variation, or differences that they pass from one generation to the next. Organisms also compete, for ___. Some are better equipped to do so than others.
heritable; resources
When comparing two species, which type of body structure indicates evolutionary relatedness?
homologous structures
Throughout geological time, there have been at least five major ___, or sudden declines of large numbers of species. These ___ tend to mark the ends of periods. They can be due to ___ including tectonic, oceanic, or climate fluxes, or ___, including meteor impacts. The end of the ___ saw a decline in marine invertebrates and coral species. The end of the ___ saw 70% of marine invertebrates disappear. The end of the ___ was severe, with up to 90% of species disappearing. Those with the best chance of survival were ___. The end of the ___ saw an extinction that allowed for a wave of dinosaur diversity. This ended with the end of the ___ as most dinosaurs went extinct.
mass extinctions; mass extinctions; periods; environment changes; cataclysmic events; Ordovician; Devonian; Permian; land-burrowing animals; Triassic; Cretaceous
In Miller and Urey's experiment, they combined ___, ammonia, hydrogen gas, and water in a closed system and ___ it to mimic conditions on early Earth. After stimulating the system with ___ to mimic ___, they discovered that amino acids were produced. This suggests that early Earth had a reducing atmosphere, leading to redox reactions that catalyzed the ___ synthesis of organic monomers such as amino acids.
methane; heated; electric sparks; lightning; abiotic
The ___, organelles that synthesize ATP, and the ___, organelles that synthesize glucose, are thought to have evolved from ___.
mitochondria; chloroplast; prokaryotes
Darwin found specimens that varied from the ___ species in these areas and around the world. These included ___ of ancient animals such as the Armadillo-like ___ and the giant ground sloth ___. Darwin hypothesized that the living forms of these organisms were ___ from the extinct forms he observed in the fossil record.
modern; fossils; Glyptodon; Mylodon; descended
Australopith fossils provide evidence for ___ evolution, or the idea that different body parts change at different rates and therefore different times.
mosaic
One hypothesis, called the ___ hypothesis, proposes that modern humans evolved separately in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Therefore, continuity of genotypes and phenotypes is expected in each region, but not between regions.
multiregional continuity
Differences in functions between the wing of a bird and the forelimbs of a seal can be explained by...
natural selection and adaptation to different environments
A vestigial structure has
no apparent function
They differ from prokaryotic cells in that they contain a membrane-bound ___, in addition to other organelles.
nucleus
If the percentage of the beak sizes within the finch population was plotted, one would find that during wet years, the percentage of finches with ___ beaks increases and during dry years, the percentage of finches with ___ beaks increases. In the manner, ___ is driving ___ of beak sizes within a finch population.
small; large; natural selection; evolution
Darwin speculated that all finches on the island could have decended from mainland finches, and ___ occurred on the island so that the finches evolved independently.
speciation
All primates have a foreshortened snout and a relatively flat face with eyes in the front, allowing for ___ vision, or the ability of the eyes to focus on objects from different angles. Some primates, such as ___, also have color vision.
stereoscopic; humans
At ___ zones, the forward edge of a slab sinks into ___ and is destroyed. Other areas see the mantle rise as it's added to the seafloor. Slabs meet at ___ boundaries to slip and scrape past each other, creating ___.
subduction; mantle; transform; earthquakes
Oftentimes adaptive radiation involves ___ speciation, especially following the change in environment. This can occur because of ___, or the removal of ___, so that the species is able to make full use of all resources within its environment. This provides the opportunity for populations to become specialized to newly acquired microhabitats, thereby ___ the chances of adaptive radiation.
sympatric; ecological release; competition; increasing
Often, ___ speciation can involve ___, or extra sets of chromosomes.
sympatric; polyploidy
Cytochrome C is a protein found in all species, and functions in energy metabolism. The more closely related two different species are...
the more alike their cytochrome C amino acid sequences are
All primates have ___ but it is only primates within the Old World Monkeys, great apes, and humans that have ___.
thumbs; opposable thumbs
The organisms on the Galapagos Islands that were most important to the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection were...
tortoises and finches
Fossils that have characteristics common to both an ancestral species and descendant species are called...
transitional fossils
Tiktaaliks are considered to be ___ forms between fish and ___. Fossils of these ___ year old organisms have fish-like gills and fins for breathing and swimming underwater. However, like ___, they have flat heads with eyes on the ___. This is an advantageous ___ to living in the shallow river bottoms. Also like ___, they have the beginnings of ___ bones for use in pushing themselves along the shallow river bottom.
transitional; tetrapods; 375 million; tetrapods; top; adaptation; tetrapods; wrist