Chapter 15

A normal hematocrit is approximately what value? A) 45 B) 25 C) 75 D) 10 E) 90

A) 45

Which statement best describes the function of fibrinogen? A) It is the key substance in the formation of blood clots. B) It primarily affects the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient. C) It provides the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes. D) It transports lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances. E) It aids in the structural form of the erythrocyte.

A) It is the key substance in the formation of blood clots.

What is the most abundant plasma protein? A) albumin B) fibrinogen C) globulins D) hemoglobin E) carbonic anhydrase

A) albumin

What is defined as a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood? A) anemia B) polycythemia C) hematocrit D) hemolysis E) hypoxia

A) anemia

An increase in plasma levels of ________ causes a yellowish appearance of the skin and the whites of the eyes. This condition is called ________. A) bilirubin : jaundice B) bilirubin : hemostasis C) bile : pernicious anemia D) bilirubin : renal anemia E) biliverdin : jaundice

A) bilirubin : jaundice

The iron-containing ring in hemoglobin is called ________ and it binds ________. A) heme : oxygen B) heme : carbon dioxide or oxygen C) globin : oxygen D) heme : carbon dioxide E) spectrin : carbon dioxide

A) heme : oxygen

Pernicious anemia is associated with which of the following? A) insufficient vitamin B12 B) abnormal hemoglobin C) bleeding D) inadequate bilirubin levels E) damage to the bone marrow

A) insufficient vitamin B12

You're looking at your patient's complete blood count (CBC) and notice that he has a normal hematocrit but low hemoglobin. What is the most likely cause for this result? A) iron-deficiency anemia B) hemolytic anemia C) renal anemia D) aplastic anemia E) hemorrhagic anemia

A) iron-deficiency anemia

High doses of aspirin can stimulate clotting by inhibiting the synthesis of A) prostacyclin. B) thrombomodulin. C) protein C. D) plasmin. E) tissue plasminogen activator.

A) prostacyclin.

What is a hematocrit measuring? A) the percentage of blood that is comprised of red blood cells only B) the amount of oxygen that can be transported by blood C) the amount of hemoglobin in blood D) the percentage of blood that is comprised of plasma E) the percentage of blood that is comprised of red and white blood cells

A) the percentage of blood that is comprised of red blood cells only

Which statement below best describes why diabetics are two times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than non-diabetics? A) Diabetics tend to be obese and, therefore, cannot get enough aerobic exercise. B) Diabetes leads to high cholesterol levels and, therefore, atherosclerosis. C) Diabetics must take insulin and, therefore, their blood glucose levels fluctuate causing tremendous stress on all systems of their bodies. D) Diabetes leads to heart disease because of the side effects of insulin on the cardiovascular system. E) Diabetes promotes bacterial infections which will eventually destroy the heart

B) Diabetes leads to high cholesterol levels and, therefore, atherosclerosis.

Which statement best describes the importance of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes? A) It allows for phagocytosis of foreign particles. B) It provides a large surface are for the exchange of gases. C) It allows for the movement of erythrocytes out of the capillaries. D) It makes the erythrocyte small and flexible. E) It conforms to the molecular shape of hemoglobin.

B) It provides a large surface are for the exchange of gases.

Olympic athletes train in Colorado Springs, Colorado because this location is at high altitude and near the 14,000 foot Pikes Peak. Which statement best describes why this location was chosen? A) Oxygen levels are low and therefore fewer red blood cells are available, which puts more physiological stress on the body. This leads to a greater efficiency of getting oxygen to the tissues. B) Oxygen levels are low and, therefore, more red blood cells are produced, giving the athletes an advantage when competing at lower altitudes. C) The concentration difference for getting air into the lungs is greater at high altitudes. D) The thinner air causes it to be easier to move into and out of the lungs, which leads to higher oxygen transport. E) The thin air allows for less resistance when biking or running and, therefore, the athletes can run and bike faster, which builds up their endurance for future races

B) Oxygen levels are low and, therefore, more red blood cells are produced, giving the athletes an advantage when competing at lower altitudes.

During hemoglobin metabolism, what is the yellow pigmented substance produced by the removal of the iron group called? A) transferrin B) bilirubin C) myoglobin D) ferritin E) bile

B) bilirubin

Which metabolite of hemoglobin imparts the yellowish tinge found in plasma and in the condition of jaundice? A) biliverdin B) bilirubin C) ferritin D) bile E) transferring

B) bilirubin

What hematopoietic growth factor controls red blood cell synthesis, and what organ releases it? A) oxytocin, released by posterior pituitary B) erythropoietin, released by kidney C) parathyroid hormone, released by parathyroid glands D) calcitonin, released by kidney E) transferrin, released by bone marrow

B) erythropoietin, released by kidney

Most coagulation factors are synthesized by what organ? A) bone marrow B) liver C) thymus D) kidney E) heart

B) liver

What is the most abundant class of white blood cells? A) monocytes B) neutrophils C) lymphocytes D) basophils E) eosinophils

B) neutrophils

Platelets become sticky when exposed to which of the following? A) prostacyclin B) von Willebrand factor C) serotonin D) fibrin E) thrombin

B) von Willebrand factor

What substance binds to collagen and activates platelets? A) arachidonic acid B) von Willebrand factor C) thromboxane A2 D) fibrin E) thrombin

B) von Willebrand factor

The changing color of a bruise is caused by the breakdown products of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is broken down into ________, which is a green molecule. ________ is a yellowish-brown molecule, again a breakdown product of hemoglobin. A) ammonia: Bile B) bile : Ammonia C) biliverdin : Bilirubin D) bilirubin : Biliverdin

C) biliverdin : Bilirubin

What triggers erythropoietin release? A) damage to a blood vessel wall and subsequent exposure of collagen B) increased blood carbon dioxide levels C) decreased blood oxygen levels D) infection in the blood E) infection in the tissues

C) decreased blood oxygen levels

Synthesis of red blood cells is called ________ and occurs in the ________. A) erythropoiesis : kidney B) erythropoiesis : spleen C) erythropoiesis : bone marrow D) hemostasis : kidney E) hemostasis : bone marrow

C) erythropoiesis : bone marrow

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on activation of what factor, which then activates prothrombin? A) factor IV B) platelet factor C) factor X D) tissue factor E) calcium

C) factor X

What is the life span of an erythrocyte? A) 1 day B) 10 days C) 30 days D) 120 days E) They last for as long as you live.

D) 120 days

Which statement best describes the function of albumins? A) They transport lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances. B) They aid in the structural form of the erythrocyte. C) They are the key substance in the formation of blood clots. D) They primarily affect the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient. E) They provide the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes.

D) They primarily affect the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient.

Hemophilia is a genetic clotting disorder usually characterized by the absence of what clotting factor? A) von Willebrand factor B) factor XIII C) factor X D) factor VIII E) thrombin

D) factor VIII

Which chemical forms the meshwork of the blood clot? A) thrombin B) arachidonic acid C) von Willebrand factor D) fibrin E) thromboxane A2

D) fibrin

What type of cell is the precursor for platelets? A) macrophages B) null cells C) neutrophils D) megakaryocytes E) erythrocytes

D) megakaryocytes

What chemical dissolves blood clots? A) thromboxane A2 B) fibrin C) heparin D) plasmin E) protein C

D) plasmin

What substance inhibits both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways? A) arachidonic acid B) thromboxane A2 C) von Willebrand factor D) protein C E) fibrin

D) protein C

Old red blood cells are removed from the blood by macrophages in what organ? A) thymus B) kidney C) bone marrow D) spleen E) pancreas

D) spleen

Thrombin plays a direct role in A) the production of prothrombin. B) activating factor X. C) stimulating nitric oxide release. D) the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. E) causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels

D) the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate with respect to erythrocytes? A) They lack mitochondria. B) They lack nuclei. C) They contain large amounts of hemoglobin. D) They transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. E) They migrate into infected regions of tissue

E) They migrate into infected regions of tissue

Which statement best describes the function of globulins? A) They primarily affect the movement of fluid into capillaries by creating an osmotic gradient. B) They aid in the structural form of the erythrocyte. C) They are the key substance in the formation of blood clots. D) They provide the nutrients needed to replicate erythrocytes. E) They transport lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.

E) They transport lipids, playing a role in clotting and defending the body against foreign substances.

You notice on your patient's complete blood count (CBC) that she has a very low basophil count. Which statement best describes this abnormal result? A) The basophils may have been killed by a flu virus. B) This is a common side effect of rheumatoid arthritis. C) Sickle cell anemia may have inhibited basophil production. D) It can be an indication of a microbial infection. E) This may be due to an acute allergic reaction.

E) This may be due to an acute allergic reaction.

Erythrocytes are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what chemical? A) liver, under control of erythropoietin B) kidney, under control of transferrin C) liver, under control of bilirubin D) bone marrow, under control of bilirubin E) bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin

E) bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin

What is the stoppage of bleeding called? A) fibrinostasis B) homeostasis C) erythrostasis D) vasculostasis E) hemostasis

E) hemostasis

Polycythemia is best defined as a A) higher than normal concentration of leukocytes. B) lower than normal concentration of erythrocytes. C) higher than normal concentration of protein in the plasma. D) lower than normal concentration of leukocytes. E) higher than normal concentration of erythrocytes.

E) higher than normal concentration of erythrocytes.

A majority of the protein present within blood is synthesized within what organ? A) central nervous system B) kidneys C) lungs D) skeletal muscles E) liver

E) liver

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin? A) von Willebrand factor B) plasmin C) arachidonic acid D) prostacyclin E) thrombin

E) thrombin

Which of the following is the first step of hemostasis? A) formation of a platelet plug B) secretion of histamine C) formation of a blood clot D) formation of a fibrin clot E) vascular spasm

E) vascular spasm

A fibrin clot can occur in the absence of platelet aggregation. T/F

F

Anemia is caused by a low hematocrit T/F

F

Collagen activates factor X. T/F

F

Jaundice is caused by an excess of iron in the blood T/F

F

Most of the blood volume consists of erythrocytes? T/F

F

Polycythemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. T/F

F

Vitamin K is necessary for blood clot formation because it activates the extrinsic pathway. T/F

F

Calcium is required for formation of a blood clot. T/F

T

Coagulation factors continuously circulate in the blood in their inactive form T/F

T

Glucose is transported in blood dissolved in plasma. T/F

T

Hemoglobin transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide. T/F

T

Protein C inhibits both the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways. T/F

T

The breakdown of bilirubin imparts the color in both feces and urine. T/F

T

Thrombin is activated by factor X. T/F

T

Thrombin not only promotes clotting at injury sites, but also indirectly inhibits clotting in healthy tissue. T/F

T