Chapter 15 Quiz
ego & reality principle
the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id and the superego, and reality. realistically brings pleasure rather than pain.
archetype
A recurring symbol, character, landscape, or event found in myth and literature across different cultures and eras.
inferiority complex
Adler's theory of the feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children that influence their developing personalities and create desires to overcome
thanatos
An instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions
eros
An instinctual drive toward life
psychoanalysis
Freuds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. seeks to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
erik erikson
Neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
alfred adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order
Karen Horney
Neo-freudian who found psychoanalysis negatively biased toward women and believed cultural variables are the foundation of personality development
psychodynamic approach
Psychological approach developed by Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological processes in determining human thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Carl Jung
Student of Freud. Broke over Freud's emphasis of sexuality. Believed all people had a collective unconscious of the past generations.
Oedipus complex
a boys sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
compensation
a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors
intellectualization
a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict
fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
persona
a personal facade that one presents to the world
projective test
a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics
thematic apperception test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
neo-freudian
a psychologist who accepts the broad features of Freud's theory but has revised the theory to fit his or her own concepts
personality
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Sigmund Freud
austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis
collective unconscious
carl jungs concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history.
id & pleasure principle
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. demands immediate gratification
Electra complex
counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females
projection
defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
reaction formation
defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
regression
defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated.
rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions.
displacement
defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or a person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
libido
freudian term for sexual urge or desire
animus
hostile feeling or intent
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarressing.
unconscious
information processing of which we are unaware.
sublimation
modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct to one that is socially acceptable
hysteria
neurotic disorder characterized by violent emotional outbreaks and disturbances of sensory and motor functions
neurosis
psychological disturbance characterized by prolonged high levels of anxiety
latency stage
psychosexual stage of dormant sexual feelings
genital stage
psychosexual stage of maturation of sexual interests.
anal stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on bowels and bladder elimination, coping with demands for control
phallic stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on the pleasure center of the genitals and coping with incestuous sexual feelings.
oral stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on the pleasure center of the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing.
freudian slip
slip of the tongue by which it is thought a person unintentionally reveals his or her true feelings
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which the ids pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
defense mechanisms
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
anima
the inner self that is in touch with the unconscious
rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test which weeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
superego
the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.
identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos
