Chapter 15 Reconstruction
The crop-lien system of credit was detrimental to which groups?
- Farmers - African Americans - Poor whites
Which of the following are true of the agricultural system in the South in the 1870s and 1880s?
- It relied on a few cash crops rather than a diversified agricultural system. - Much of the region implemented systems of tenantry and debt peonage. - There was increasing absentee ownership of valuable farmlands.
Which of the following are true of post-Reconstruction efforts to industrialize in the South?
- Northern industrialists were attracted by how little they had to pay workers in the South. - Textile manufacturing in the South expanded. - Railroad trackage in the South more than doubled.
Which of the following groups were key supporters of educational reform in the South during Reconstruction?
- Northern philanthropic organizations - The Freedmen's Bureau - Black Southerners
During Reconstruction in the South,
- Per capita income for whites was very low. - Blacks made about half as much income as whites. - Profits from agriculture were decreasing.
Why did large-scale efforts to redistribute land in the South ultimately fail?
- President Johnson supported the rights of white landowners. - The federal government's authority to confiscate property came into question.
Which of the following was true about political activity in the South after the Compromise of 1877?
- Southern state governments were "redeemed" by white Democrats who advocated "home rule." - The southern ruling class largely consisted of merchants interested in economic development. - The South fell under the control of a powerful group of Democrats operating as an oligarchy.
Which of the following were major components of Lincoln's proposed plan for Reconstruction?
- Southerners had to accept the abolition of slavery. - Voters who had pledged loyalty to the Union could set up a state government.
The Enforcement Acts, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts, authorized
- The federal government to prosecute crimes committed by individuals under federal law. - The president to use military force to protect civil rights.
How did conditions change for Black workers in the South in the years shortly after the Civil War?
- Their per capita income increased for a few years, then leveled off. - They worked shorter hours, about the same as white farm laborers. - Women and children were less likely to work in the fields.
The Bourbon governments sought to overturn Reconstruction Era policies by
- cutting back on government services. - reducing government spending.
In order to resolve disputed electoral returns in the election of 1876, Congress created a special electoral commission composed of which of the following?
- five representatives - five senators - five Supreme Court justices
National support for Reconstruction was undermined by
- the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment. - perceptions of Black-and-carpetbag misgovernment in the South. - the Panic of 1873. - the growing political strength of Democrats.
Which of the following describe activities of groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Knights of the White Camellia, and the Red Shirts, and the White League to undermine Reconstruction?
- using terrorism to prevent African Americans from voting - harassing and employing violence against Black people's attempts at political mobilization
Before Virgina, Texas, and Mississippi had fulfilled the conditions for readmission, Congress
Added ratification of the fifteenth Amendment as a requirement of readmission
In the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, Southern states enacted laws known as the _________________ ________________ to maintain white southerners' power over former slaves.
Black Codes
Which of the following best characterizes Grant's and most Republicans' position during the Panic of 1873?
Currency should be "sound" and based firmly on gold reserves.
After Reconstruction, southern governments were largely ruled by
Democrats who called themselves "Redeemers."
The Enforcement Acts were actively enforced but did not result in a decline in Klan violence.
False
True or false: Corruption in government was an uniquely Southern phenomenon and hindered the ability of Reconstruction governments to get anything done.
False
With the 1870 passage of the ______ Amendment, which gave all male citizens the right to vote, many reformers felt that their campaign on behalf of African Americans was over because the vote allowed them to take care of themselves.
Fifteenth
The ______ Amendment guarantees citizenship to everyone born in the United States.
Fourteenth
Which of the following was established in 1858 to help the formerly enslaved to forge independent lives?
Freedmen's Bureau
Which of the following is true of Booker T. Washington's ideas?
He favored industrial over classical education.
Which of the following are true of the Wade-Davis Bill?
It called for 50 percent of eligible voters in seceded states to pledge loyalty to the Union. It called for the disenfranchisement of Confederate civil and military leaders.
Which of the following best characterizes efforts to reform land ownership in the South during Reconstruction?
It failed.
What was the purpose of General William Sherman's Special Field Order No. 15?
It granted former Confederate land in coastal Georgia and South Carolina to the region's formerly enslaved people.
Congress's response to the South's discriminatory laws included which of the following?
It passed the first Civil Rights Act.
What happened to the Wade-Davis Bill?
It was passed by Congress and pocket vetoed by President Lincoln.
Which of the following was the outcome of congressional Radicals' attempt to remove President Johnson from office?
Johnson was impeached by the House but acquitted by the Senate.
At the conclusion of President Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial,
Johnson was spared conviction by one vote.
Which of the following statements about the political activities of African Americans during Reconstruction are correct?
Many served as delegates to constitutional conventions. Many served in the state legislature or held other government jobs. Nearly two dozen served in the U.S. Senate or House of Representatives.
Which of the following accurately describes conditions for Black Southerners in the aftermath of the Civil War?
Most of the 3.5 million emerging from bondage had nowhere to go.
Which of the following accurately describes conditions for Southern blacks in the aftermath of the Civil War?
Most of the 3.5 million emerging from bondage had nowhere to go.
The process by which the federal government, between 1865 and 1877, controlled the former Confederate states and set the conditions for their readmission to the Union was called
Reconstruction.
Which of the following was not part of Andrew Johnson's "Restoration" plan?
Southern congressmen had to take an oath that they had not raised arms against the United States.
Which two of the following were leaders of the Radical Republicans?
Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner
How were Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan and the Wade-Davis Bill alike?
They allowed individual states to decide what, if any, political rights blacks had.
Which of the following describes a benefit that African Americans received from sharecropping?
They enjoyed at least physical independence from their landlords.
Which of the following best describes most former slaves' economic status at the end of the Civil War?
They had no possessions except for the clothes they wore.
How did Radical Republicans respond to Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan?
They proposed a new bill for Reconstruction that placed more restrictions on Southern states.
Which of the following best describes Booker T. Washington's advice to African Americans about politics?
They should focus on self-improvement instead of agitating for political rights.
Which of the following is true of African American officeholders in the South during Reconstruction?
They were underrepresentative of the black population.
Which of the following describe conditions for white Southerners in the aftermath of the Civil War?
Thousands that had fought for the Confederacy had returned wounded or sick. Some faced starvation and homelessness. Many had almost no personal property.
In 1867, congressional Radicals drafted two bills that put additional checks on the power of the executive and judicial branches.
True
In reality, Reconstruction in general did not negatively affect the lives of Southern white elites.
True
The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction.
True
True or false: Many people who had once been enslaved searched for their lost relatives during Reconstruction.
True
True or false: To fulfill the common wisdom that 40 acres and a mule were the building blocks of any stable household, Freedmen's Bureau officials would sometimes secure mules for freed people.
True
Under the Radical Reconstruction bills of 1867, states seeking readmission to the Union had to give adult Black males the right to vote.
True
The Radical Republicans' proposal for Reconstruction was known as the _________-_________Bill.
Wade-Davis
Which of the following was one of the greatest benefits of the South to industrialists?
a cheap labor force
Northerners were upset that Southern constitutional conventions were reluctant to
abolish slavery.
Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871 was
aimed at reducing white repression of Black people.
How did the Radical Reconstruction bills define the voters who could elect representatives to state constitutional conventions?
all adult Black males and those white males who had not participated in the rebellion
Which of the following did Booker T. Washington recommend African Americans do?
attend school to learn skills improve their dress refine their speech
White men from the North, many of them veterans, that moved to the South during Reconstruction were known as
carpetbaggers.
As a result of the 1866 congressional election,
congressional Republicans had enough power to enact their own plan for reconstruction.
During Reconstruction, most poor rural Southerners relied on credit from
country stores.
White southerners who wanted to compete with the North thought the South should
create its own industrial economy.
In the ______ system of credit, merchants charged farmers exorbitant prices, which the farmers could not pay, and then demanded a lien on the farmers' crops as collateral.
crop-lien
The 1876 presidential election was hotly contested because
disputed returns from four states threw the election in doubt.
The style and manner of Johnson's inflammatory speeches during the 1866 congressional election led many to speculate that he was
drinking too much.
Which of the following describes the greatest obstacle faced by African Americans in asserting their rights during Reconstruction?
economic pressure, such as refusals to rent land or extend credit
Booker T. Washington was most interested in which of the following?
education
Among the most important accomplishments of Reconstruction was a dramatic change in Southern
education.
In the South, the crop-lien system
encouraged the planting of cash crops.
Under the Fourteenth Amendment, American citizens received
equal protection of state and federal laws.
Those who wanted the government to increase the amount of money in circulation during the Panic of 1873
formed their own political organization known as the National Greenback Party.
Many scalawags, or Southern white Republicans, also could be classified as
former Whigs. farmers from remote areas.
The largest group of Republicans in the South during Reconstruction were
formerly enslaved Black people.
Andrew Johnson's Restoration plan required Southern states to do all of the following except
grant Black people the right to vote.
Most white Southerners expected the postwar South would
have local autonomy without federal government interference.
Which of the following best characterizes Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan"?
lenient
In 1865, Southern whites defined freedom as ______, and Southern blacks defined freedom as ______.
local and regional autonomy; independence from white control
Which of the following caused landownership among white people to decrease during Reconstruction?
loss of land due to unpaid debts
Which of the following contributed to the expansion of the textile industry in the South?
low taxes ready supply of cheap labor accommodating conservative governments
As a result of the Supreme Court's ruling in Ex parte Milligan, Radical Republicans
made many proposals to limit the Court's power, including abolishing it.
Which of the following best characterizes the record of Reconstruction governments?
mixed
After the Civil War, many former slaves sought to
obtain land of their own.
Which of the following was the most important achievement of Reconstruction in the lives of future generations of African Americans?
passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
Which of the following describes the majority of white Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction?
planters, businessmen, or professionals who viewed the South as a promising frontier And (same question different choices) veterans of the Union Army who viewed the South as a promising frontier
Most local stores in the South had no competition and thus were able to
pressure farmers into putting their farms up as collateral for loans. offer credit at outrageously high interest rates.
Many Northerners were concerned to see Southern states electing ______ as their representatives to Congress.
prominent Confederate leaders
Which of the following northern values did southerners not want to emulate?
racial equality
The Republicans' Specie Resumption Act
satisfied creditors.
White Southerners who supported the Republican Party during Reconstruction were known in the South as
scalawags
Which of the following are activities that were undertaken by the Freedmen's Bureau?
settling land disputes setting labor contracts providing food, clothing, and education overseeing land redistribution
A farming system in which large landowners rent their fields to farmers, usually families, in return for a share of the crop's production is known as
sharecropping.
Most of the former Confederate land sold in coastal Georgia and South Carolina to the formerly enslaved was
sold in 40-acre plots.
Booker T. Washington's 1895 "Atlanta Compromise" speech called for
tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation.
Use of intimidation and violence to undermine Reconstruction regimes was most intense in states where
the black population was a majority or the two races were almost equal.
Congress overrode Johnson's veto in order to enact ______, which declared African Americans citizens of the United States.
the first Civil Rights Act
Reconstruction was politically controlled by
three major groups of Republicans that were divided in their approach to the issue.
What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau's "Circular 13"?
to lease 40-acre plots to ex-slaves with the intention of eventually selling it to them
For what reason, described in his inaugural address, did President Hayes withdraw troops from Southern states and allow white Democrats to take over Southern state governments?
to restore peaceful local self-government
The Panic of 1873 affected Reconstruction by
undermining support for Reconstruction policies.
Which of the following describe activities of groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Knights of the White Camellia, and the Red Shirts and White Leagues to undermine Reconstruction?
use of terrorism to prevent African Americans from voting use of armed coercion to force all white males to join the Democratic Party
By the end of Reconstruction, most Southern Black women
were engaged in income-producing activities.
