Chapter 15

__________ conditioning occurs when an individual associates a maladaptive response with a stimulus that could not itself cause harm.

Aversive

A neuroleptic is a type of

Correct: -antipsychotic medication Incorrect: -mood stabilizer medication. -antidepressant medication. -anticonvulsant medication.

Cognitive restructuring is helpful to the client in that it

Correct: - Incorrect: -allows for quick changes in automatic thought processes. -forces the client to acknowledge their faulty beliefs. -teaches the client how to reinforce their positive thoughts (Reinforcement is a concept used in behavioral treatment; the question here asks about cognitive restructuring, a concept in cognitive therapy.).

Research suggests that the attachment style we have as a child

Correct: - Incorrect: -is only predictive of children who have secure attachment styles. -has little, if any, impact on our relationships as an adult. -is only predictive of children who have insecure attachment styles.

The Blank______ model states that there are six main psychological processes than can become the source of psychological disorders.

Correct: -Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Incorrect: -cognitive behavioral therapy -cognitive dissonance therapy -psychodynamic therapy

Neurosurgery is much safer and more effective now due to which of the following?

Correct: -Advances in surgical techniques have resulted in higher levels of precision. Incorrect: -Hospitals where these procedures are being conducted communicate successes and failures better than in the past. -Doctors who wish to become neurosurgeons are being prescreened more thoroughly than in the past. -There is more oversight of the procedures by the government.

______ are the foundation of Jung's version of the unconscious.

Correct: -Archetypes Incorrect: -Schemata -Prototypes -Subconscious

Many treatments used in the acceptance-based perspective were developed in the 1970's and were influenced by Blank______.

Correct: -Eastern philosophy Incorrect: -Western practices -psychedelic music -Carl Rogers

______ are the combinations of genes and environment that contribute to complex behaviors.

Correct: -Endophenotypes Incorrect: -Epiphenotypes -Envirogenetics -Exophenotypes

______ is a process that is not dependent on the DNA itself, so if methylation can be inhibited, the damage can be reversed.

Correct: -Epigenesis Incorrect: -Diathesis-stress model -Neuroplasticity -Methylatization

______ is the process of inheriting alterations in genes regulation and expression.

Correct: -Epigenesis Incorrect: -Epigenome synthesis -Chromosome modulation -DNA methylation

Ben has been prescribed a new medication and wants to check on its safety. Where can he find the most up-to-date information about known side effects?

Correct: -Federal Drug Administration web page Incorrect: -his doctor or pharmacist -popular magazines specializing in health issues -trade magazines that cover the pharmaceutical industry

Which of the following is the main trait theory found in abnormal psychology?

Correct: -Five Factor Model Incorrect: -Full-Factor Trait Model -Five Functions Model -Eynsenk Introversion-Extroversion Model

Blank______ have the instructions to form Blank______, which determine how cells perform.

Correct: -Genes; proteins Incorrect: -Genes; DNA -Chromosomes; DNA -Chromosomes; proteins

______ allows people who have experienced similar events or issues to help one another with the guidance of a counselor.

Correct: -Group therapy Incorrect: -Cognitive behavioral therapy -Multicultural therapy -Historical event therapy

Imani is starting therapy and finds out her therapist uses psychodynamic therapy. Which of the following will Imani most likely find?

Correct: -Her therapist will focus work on a specific symptom or set of symptoms. -Her therapist will help her recognize the "unconscious" aspects of her personality. Incorrect: -Therapy will last for years, and sessions will involve Imani reclining on a couch and talking. -She will have little control of how her therapy is conducted.

Which of the following statements about monozygotic and dizygotic twins are true?

Correct: -Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genotype, whereas dizygotic twins share roughly half of their genotype. -Both types of twins often share the same familial environment. Incorrect: -Monozygotic twins share the same psychological disorders. -Twin comparisons are considered worthless in the scientific community.

The first psychotherapeutic medication was developed in 1950 by

Correct: -Paul Charpentier. Incorrect: -Jonas Salk. -Paul Rogers and William Hammerstein. -Alexander Flemming.

The psychodynamic perspective is the result of the work and theories of

Correct: -Sigmund Freud Incorrect: -Gilbert and Sullivan. -Carl Jung. -William James.

Ryan and Ted are monozygotic twins born in 1958. Their mother gave them up for adoption. Ryan was adopted by a blue-collar family from Chicago, and Ted was adopted by a white-collar family from Minneapolis. They were reunited in 1983 and have since been part of a research study on twins. What makes them ideal candidates for this type of research?

Correct: -Since they were raised in different environments, the confounds typically found in twins studies can be controlled. Incorrect: -Since they were raised in different cities within the same geographical region, the impact of the environment can also be studied. -Since they are monozygotic twins, it can be proven that different environments will have little, if any, impact on them. -Since they were raised by different parents, any differences between the two can be attributed to the parents alone.

What is the confounding variable in twin studies?

Correct: -The environment is shared between the twins being studied. Incorrect: -The percentage of shared genotype varies. -There are high degrees of dissimilarities even within monozygotic twins (The dissimilarities found within monozygotic twins would be important to note in a twin study, and is not a confounding variable.) -Parents who use fertility clinics have a higher rate of multiple births.

Irina and Tamar, middle school friends, both attend summer camp, but they have very different experiences. According to trait theory, what is most likely the explanation for these differences?

Correct: -They have different personalities Incorrect: -They are in middle school and trying to find out who they are. -Their genetic makeup gives them different skill sets so they can do different activities. -They come from different family backgrounds.

The first medication developed specifically for a psychological disorder was

Correct: -Thorazine. Incorrect: -Benzedrine. -tricyclic antidepressants. -Prozac.

What is the main problem associated with conducting twin studies?

Correct: -Though it allows us to look at the genetic side, the environmental influences are almost impossible to control. Incorrect: -There is a relatively small number of monozygotic twins, which makes generalizations difficult (Having a small number of monozygotic twins in a study would not necessarily make generalizations difficult.). -It is extremely difficult to compare twins to their parents as they share an even lower percentage of their genotypes. -This type of study does not allow us to compare the twins to other siblings in the family.

Who believed if you teach a person to relax in the presence of a stimulus that causes them distress, they will, over time, replace the feeling of distress?

Correct: -Wolpe Incorrect: -Skinner -Rogers -Conrad

What is the genetic result if you receive a dominant gene from your father and a recessive gene from your mother?

Correct: -You will express the dominant gene and be a carrier for the recessive gene. Incorrect: -The effects of the genes will be blended and result in a new gene type. -The recessive gene will be expressed, since it comes from the mother, and the mother's genes take precedence. -The dominant gene will be expressed and basically "kill off" the recessive gene.

The "commitment" aspect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) refers to:

Correct: -a commitment by the client to behave in ways consistent with their values Incorrect: -a commitment by the client to attend a minimum of 20 therapy sessions -a commitment by the therapist to be culturally sensitive -a commitment by the client to follow the therapist's instructions without question

Enzo was adopted at birth, and now, in his early 20s, he has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. No one in his adoptive family has this condition, but a number of relatives in Enzo's biological family do. This leads to evidence that in Enzo's case, there is

Correct: -a strong genetic link to his schizophrenia Incorrect: -no links to his schizophrenia—it is merely coincidental. -a strong environmental link to his schizophrenia. -some evidence that may link genetics to his schizophrenia (Since NO one in Ryan's adoptive family has schizophrenia, this would lead to STRONG evidence of a genetic link.).

Early versions of the DSM categorized disorders based on a psychodynamic model of Multiple choice question.

Correct: -abnormality Incorrect: -subconscious needs. -cognition. -empirical data.

Early versions of the DSM categorized disorders based on a psychodynamic model of

Correct: -abnormality Incorrect: -subconscious needs. -empirical data. -cognition.

Mindfulness is associated with which of the following theoretical approaches?

Correct: -acceptance-based Incorrect: -cognitive-behavioral -humanistic -rational-emotive

The Blank______ perspective follows in the footsteps of behavioral and cognitive theorists.

Correct: -acceptance-based Incorrect: -rational -deterministic -dialectical

What is the main method used for studying monozygotic twins that removes the confounding effect of parent-created environments?

Correct: -adoption studies Incorrect: -random assignment -naturalistic studies -correlation studies

In cross-fostering cases, an adopted child with a psychological condition would show a connection to his Blank______ but not his Blank______.

Correct: -adoptive parents; birth parents Incorrect: -prenatal environment; neonatal environment -birth parents; adoptive parents -home environment; social environment

The form of each gene is called a(n)

Correct: -allele Incorrect: -DNA. -genotype (Your genotype is your genetic makeup, which contains the form of the gene, called an allele.). -chromosomes.

A(n)Blank______ is one of two different variations of a gene.

Correct: -allele Incorrect: -chromosome -genotype -phenotype

Psychotherapeutic medications such as Prozac and Zoloft work because they Blank______ the level of neurotransmitters.

Correct: -alter Incorrect: -decrease -increase -have no effect upon

Epigenesis is best described as the process of inheriting Blank______ in gene regulation and expression.

Correct: -alterations Incorrect: -identifications -stress -polynomials

An SNP is a variant found

Correct: -an individual's DNA Incorrect: -in an individual's RNA. -in an individual's phenotype. -in an individual's genotype.

Like several previous versions of the DSM, the DSM-5 takes an approach that is Blank______.

Correct: -atheoretical -empirical Incorrect: -based on spectrums -entirely dimensional

Psychologist Mary Salter Ainsworth studied the way different infants related to caregiver figures, also known as Blank______ style.

Correct: -attachment Incorrect: -dating -adulting -parenting

Nora brings her 19-month-old son, Zach, to a research laboratory and meets with Dr. Rodriquez. After a few minutes, Nora exits the room, leaving Zach with Dr. Rodriquez, someone Zach has never met before. This experiment is set up to test Zach's

Correct: -attachment style. Incorrect: -reaction style. -fear threshold. -ability to adapt to strange situations.

Yuvi has been experiencing intense anxiety every time the phone rings. His maladaptive response to a benign stimulus is know as

Correct: -aversive conditioning. Incorrect: -vicarious reinforcement. -classical conditioning (Aversive conditioning occurs when an individual associates a maladaptive response with a stimulus that is harmless.). -negative reinforcement (Negative reinforcement refers to the process of doing something to diminish a negative stimuli.).

As a child, Russ often felt as if his mother abandoned him, leaving him feeling insecure about relationships. According to attachment theory, as an adult, he would most likely

Correct: -avoid romantic relationships. Incorrect: -have a few long-term romantic relationships but end them before marriage. -keep relationships on a purely physical level and avoid emotional relationships (Insecure attachments may lead to patterns in adulthood in which the person feels they cannot rely on a partner's love and support, and thus they may avoid romantic relationships altogether.). -search for a woman to serve as an emotional replacement for his mother.

According to Freud, the three components of the personality are Blank______ in normal people.

Correct: -balanced Incorrect: -suppressed -extremely variable -under the control of the id

The Blank______ perspective focuses on how individuals can acquire new behaviors over time through the process of learning.

Correct: -behavioral Incorrect: -cognitive-Behavioral -biopsychosocial -psychodynamic

The Blank______ looks at the connection between dysfunctions in the body and the symptoms of psychological disorders.

Correct: -biological perspective Incorrect: -physical perspective -medical perspective -health perspective

Felicity has been referred to a psychiatrist for her depression. Her doctor believes that the main cause of her depression stems from a disruption in her levels of serotonin. Felicity's psychiatrist is using the Blank______ to diagnose her problem.

Correct: -biological perspective Incorrect: -trait theory -psychoanalytic theory -medical model

Dialectical behavior therapy was developed by Marsha Linehan for the treatment of Blank______, but is now used more broadly for the treatment of various psychological disorders.

Correct: -borderline personality disorder Incorrect: -major depressive disorder -generalized anxiety disorder -obsessive-compulsive disorder

For a recessive trait to be expressed, Blank______ gene(s) need(s) to be recessive.

Correct: -both Incorrect: -neither -the mother's -the father's

The main goal of Freudian psychotherapy is to

Correct: -bringing issues hidden in the unconscious to the conscious level Incorrect: -help the client develop their archetype to minimize the effects of various defense mechanisms. -help the client to discover what needs to be out in the open and what is best hidden away. -integrate and protect the ego from damage.

Since behavioral psychologists believe maladaptive behaviors are learned, they are best treated:

Correct: -by replacing the behavior with one that is acceptable. -by unlearning the behavior. Incorrect: -by punishing the behavior until it is extinguished. -by ignoring it; if you ignore it, it will simply go away (Since maladaptive behaviors are learned, they are best treated by unlearning them.).

If you score low on the neuroticism and low on the extroversion scales of the Five Factors Model, you would most likely

Correct: -by shy, reserved, and tend to be unemotional Incorrect: -obsessively plan and have control over situations. -be shy, slow to warm, and hesitant to try new situations. -be confident, outgoing, and find relatively few situations in which you are uncomfortable.

Cognitive behavioral therapists may use which of the following techniques?

Correct: -changing reinforcement patterns -challenging dysfunctional thoughts -homework

Ioannis was startled one day in the yard when he moved a rock and a large but harmless garter snake hissed and tried to bite him. Now, any time he is near that rock, he feels scared and refuses to get close to it. His fear was learned through which of the following?

Correct: -classical conditioning Incorrect: -reinforcement -modeling -operant conditioning (The pairing of a neutral stimulus, in this case the rock, with an unconditioned stimulus, the snake, is an example of classical conditioning, not operant conditioning.)

Carl Rogers developed a model of therapy that was Blank______, based on the belief that people are innately good and self-improvement comes from within.

Correct: -client-centered Incorrect: -personalized -trait centered -group-centered

Acceptance-based approaches are similar to Blank______ therapies.

Correct: -cognitive Incorrect: -psychodynamic -humanistic -behavioral neuroscience

Syed is feeling depressed and anxious, mostly because he feels that his boss is looking for a reason to fire him. Syed is a hard worker, and in reality, his boss is considering him for a promotion. According to the Blank______, Syed's thoughts and beliefs are the cause of his abnormal behaviors.

Correct: -cognitive perspective Incorrect: -psychodynamic perspective -behavioral perspective -humanistic perspective

Deshawn incorrectly believes his wife, Melinda, is having an affair, leading him to feel dysfunctional levels of stress and anxiety. His therapist knows that Deshawn's wife is not having an affair and challenges Deshawn to provide concrete evidence of Melinda's affair. In the cognitive perspective, the challenge from the therapist is the start of

Correct: -cognitive restructuring Incorrect: -psychodynamic therapy. -cognitive reinforcement. -cognitive dissonance.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) combines

Correct: -cognitive therapy with mindfulness skills. Incorrect: -behavioral therapy with anti-depressant medication. -mindfulness skills with medication therapy. -psychoanalysis with mindfulness skills.

Which of the following terms did Rogers use to describe the demands parents place on children?

Correct: -conditions of worth Incorrect: -conditions of service -conditions of expectations -conditions of purpose

Your Blank______ is the part of your superego that helps you distinguish right from wrong.

Correct: -conscience Incorrect: -id (The id is not part of the superego.) -conscious (Conscious means that you are aware; conscience is your sense of right or wrong.) -ego ideal

After going for an entire day without smoking, Darius rewards himself by playing video games for an hour. This is an example of what type of behavioral therapy?

Correct: -contingency management Incorrect: -Cognitive restructuring (Cognitive restructuring is part of cognitive behavioral therapy. Teaching a client to give themselves reinforcements for desired behavior is contingency management.) -token economy (A token economy is a type of contingency management, but it relies on giving chips or tokens to a client that can be redeemed for something later.) -participant modeling

Based on principles of operant conditioning, Blank______ is a form of behavioral therapy in which clinicians provide clients with positive reinforcement for performing desired behaviors.

Correct: -contingency management Incorrect: -negative reinforcement -participant modeling -biological management

You really hate spiders. You've just received a job offer of your dreams, but you find out that your boss has a thing for spiders and has three terrariums with various types of spiders. You really want the job, and when you talk to a friend, he suggests that you see a counselor. The counselor suggests Blank______, in which you are exposed to spiders while going through relaxation exercises. After successful treatment, you no longer have any problems with the spiders in your boss's office.

Correct: -counterconditioning Incorrect: -reconditioning -reevaluation -adaptive desensitization (Exposure to the conditioned stimulus while going through relaxation exercises is called counterconditioning.)

Family and Blank______ therapy focuses on the ways in which dysfunctional relational patterns maintain a particular problem or symptom.

Correct: -couples Incorrect: -acquaintance -group -individual

Erikson differed from other psychodynamic theorists in that he

Correct: -covered the entire lifespan instead of focusing solely on childhood and adolescent development. Incorrect: -discussed the impact of ego on our identity. -focused solely on the ego and how it could develop abnormally through the lifespan. -focused on the combination of the ego and the archetype.

The core of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is to teach clients Blank______ techniques which aim to take on a more acceptance-based stance to painful thoughts and feelings.

Correct: -decentering Incorrect: -realignment -restructuring -ambiguous

Neuromodulation, also known as Blank______ is a treatment in which a neurosurgeon implants a microelectrode that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to a region of the brain.

Correct: -deep brain stimulations (DBS) Incorrect: -lobotomy -electro convulsive therapy -psychotherapy

To protect us from our unconscious desires, Freud believed we use

Correct: -defense mechanisms. Incorrect: -ego mechanisms. -phobias. -ego defenses.

The multicultural approach to therapy requires the therapist to learn about the client's cultural, ethnic and racial group and the way these factors influence which of the following?

Correct: -diagnosis -treatment -assessment Incorrect: -treatment site

Situations such as traumas, disease, birth complications, or harsh family environments are all part of the

Correct: -diathesis-stress model. Incorrect: -progressive stress model -life-events model -environmental stress model

A client tells her therapist, "I am terrified of walking out to my car at night." Her therapist nods and says, "I feel that way, too, especially when there are lights out in the parking lot." According to Rogers, the therapist

Correct: -did the right thing by being honest with her client. Incorrect: -should have asked the client to tell her more about why she was afraid. -was on the right track but should have tried to minimize the client's fear instead of adding another level to it. -should have told the client that it is silly to feel that way.

Believing that you are a failure and deserve the bad things that happen to you is an example of a(n)

Correct: -dysfunctional attitude Incorrect: -cognitive restructuring. -automatic thought. -socially learned belief.

According to cognitive theorists, Blank______ lead to Blank______.

Correct: -dysfunctional attitudes; automatic thoughts Incorrect: -personal beliefs; automatic thoughts -automatic thoughts; dysfunctional attitudes -automatic thoughts; personal beliefs

According to object relations theory, themes of adult relationships reflect:

Correct: -early childhood relationships Incorrect: -relationships with others in adulthood -our perception of the ego as an object -the types of toys (objects) and whom we played with (relations) as a child

Adler and Horney both emphasized the importance of the Blank______ for having a healthy self concept.

Correct: -ego Incorrect: -archetype -id -superego

Freud felt that the Blank______ is the part of our personality of which we are most aware.

Correct: -ego Incorrect: -id -conscious -superego

According to Freud, our cognitive powers reside in our

Correct: -ego Incorrect: -personality. -id. -superego.

What treatment involves attaching electrodes across the head that produce an electric shock, causing a seizure?

Correct: -electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Incorrect: -deep brain stimulation -hyper magnetization therapy -brain surgery

Jean has been suffering from a major depressive disorder for the past six months. Therapy and medications have had little effect. To give these a better chance of working, what procedure could her psychiatrist recommend?

Correct: -electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Incorrect: -lobotomy -neuromodulation -deep brain stimulation

The development of psychological disorders is not limited to the dominant-recessive model because our Blank______ contributes to the way our behavior reflects our genetic inheritance.

Correct: -environment Incorrect: -biochemistry -brain structures -DNA

According to Freud, children go through the psychosexual stages, which are defined by which Blank______ the libido is focused on.

Correct: -erogenous zone Incorrect: -sexual zone -genitalic zone -Freudian zone

According to Freud, who uses defense mechanisms?

Correct: -everyone Incorrect: -just children -only the mentally ill -just women

If you believe that psychological disorders can be caused by disturbances and/or relationships that exist within the family then you support the Blank______ perspective.

Correct: -family Incorrect: -psychodynamic -biopsychosocial -behavioral

Researchers studying the development of schizophrenia compared disorder rates across relatives of persons with the disorder. Which of the following research methods best describes this study?

Correct: -family inheritance studies Incorrect: -DNA linkage studies -brain scan technology

When a therapist works with the individual and the family system to address dysfunctional relational patterns they are performing which of the following?

Correct: -family therapy Incorrect: -cognitive therapy -relational therapy -interpersonal therapy

Carl Rogers felt that a therapist's main job in therapy was to help the client to

Correct: -find their inherent goodness. Incorrect: -reinforce the conditions of worth (Rogers was a humanistic theorist and as such would be interested in finding the inherent goodness in his clients. Behavioral therapists are concerned with reinforcements.). -overcome feelings of parental disapproval. -reinvent their self-image (Carl Rogers was not interested in people reinventing their self-image, as that would not have been considered "genuine.").

If you are on the lower-order needs levels of the hierarchy of needs, Maslow would say you are

Correct: -focused solely on meeting your basic needs. Incorrect: -most likely never going to reach self-actualization. -focusing on fulfilling only socially inappropriate needs. -at the level of self-actualization (Self-actualization would be at the other end of the hierarchy.).

To bring unconscious conflicts to the surface, Freud developed the practice of

Correct: -free association Incorrect: -biological analysis. -guided imagery. -projective tests.

Social discrimination involves prejudicial treatment of a class of individuals based on which types of factors?

Correct: -gender -social class -race or ethnicity -sexual orientation Incorrect: -philosophical orientation -personality traits

The way in which neurotransmitters are formed and used is controlled by

Correct: -genes Incorrect: -the endocrine system. -individual neurons. -chromosomes.

Erika Bergdahl of Oslo, Norway, was adopted at birth. When she was 17, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Researchers are able to check government records to find if there is a(n) Blank______ connection to the disorder.

Correct: -genetic, or familial, Incorrect: -environmental -dietary -age-of-onset

Researchers use Blank______ to study families with specific psychological disorders.

Correct: -genome-wide linkage studies Incorrect: -genome-related linkage studies -genome-wide association studies -psycho-familial linkage studies

Your eye color is determined by your Blank______ and is less likely to reflect environmental influences.

Correct: -genotype Incorrect: -brain chemistry -experiences -phenotype

Doug has a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia. This is the result of the genes he inherited from his parents and is an example of his

Correct: -genotype Incorrect: -chromosomes. -phenotype. -DNA.

Your Blank______ is(are) your genetic makeup.

Correct: -genotype Incorrect: -phenotype -neurotransmitters -allele

Laura is recovering from heroin abuse and twice a week attends meetings of Narcotics Anonymous with other people who are recovering. This is a form of

Correct: -group therapy Incorrect: -client-centered therapy. -biological therapy. -behavioral therapy.

According to Rogers, a child who grows up with extremely demanding parents who are also critical will

Correct: -have a greater chance of developing a psychological disorder. Incorrect: -naturally achieve self-actualization. -be self-aware and self-confident. -focus on pleasing themselves rather than pleasing others.

In the humanistic perspective, therapists are trained to be open and honest with their clients. This is done in order to Blank______.

Correct: -help the client realize other people have the same concerns and fears -help the client realize they don't have to put up a false front with the therapist Incorrect: -keep the client from guessing what the next step in the therapeutic process will be -keep the client on edge and force them to be more open than they normally would be

Psychologists who support the Blank______ perspective focus on the qualities that make each individual unique.

Correct: -humanistic Incorrect: -cognitive -behavioral -psychodynamic

In the Blank______, it is believed that people strive for self-fulfillment and finding meaning in their lives.

Correct: -humanistic perspective Incorrect: -psychodynamic perspective -sociocultural perspective -cognitive perspective

Existential psychology—or the belief that people who are tuned in to the world around them experience life more fully—heavily influenced which of the following?

Correct: -humanistic psychology Incorrect: -trait psychology -cognitive psychology -sociocultural psychology

According to Maslow, self-actualized people such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., had a philosophy of life based on:

Correct: -humanitarian and egalitarian values Incorrect: -economic values. -religious values. -social status and success.

The Blank______ seeks gratification of sensual needs and desires.

Correct: -id Incorrect: -ego -superego -subconscious

According to Freud, the instinctual structure of our personality is the

Correct: -id Incorrect: -libido. -ego. -superego.

Ego psychology theorists argued that the main driving force of personality was the ego and not the Blank______.

Correct: -id Incorrect: -superego -ego -unconscious

William and Mary have filed for divorce and are fighting for the custody of their children, Sarah and Lawrence. Though Sarah seems relatively untouched by the divorce proceedings, Lawrence is acting out at school and is experiencing night terrors. In the family perspective, Lawrence would be considered the

Correct: -identified patient Incorrect: -significant patient. -psychosocial patient. -depressed patient.

Which of the following psychological processes are not part of the ACT hexaflex?

Correct: -inferiority complex Incorrect: -cognitive fusion -experiential avoidance -inaction/impulsivity

Blond hair and blue eyes are both traits that come from recessive genes. For a person to have naturally blond hair or blue eyes, they must

Correct: -inherit that allele from each parent. Incorrect: -inherit at least one allele from a parent. -have two dominant alleles of different colors that cancel each other out. -have a mutation occur shortly prior to birth that turns off the alleles carrying the dominant hair or eye color.

The diathesis-stress model

Correct: -investigates the interaction between our genes and the environment. Incorrect: -is a debunked theory about the effects of environmental stress on physical stress. -supports the claim that stress can be relieved through cathartic methods. -investigates the interactions between psychological disorders and various treatment models. (The diathesis-stress model does not focus on treatment.)

Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked condition, meaning it affects males more often than females since the gene for color vision is carried on the X chromosome. Females may have a dominant allele for color vision on one X chromosome and the recessive color blindness allele on the other. In this case, the female

Correct: -is a carrier with full color vision Incorrect: -will have color blindness. -will have partial color blindness. -is a carrier with some color deficiencies.

Clinicians who use cognitive behavioral therapy recognize that

Correct: -it is often necessary to change both thoughts and behaviors. Incorrect: -to successfully change maladaptive behaviors, the client needs to believe they can change (CBT therapists do not necessarily think the clients need to believe they can change.). -maladaptive thoughts and behaviors stem from the same causes. -if you change the thought process, behaviors will change automatically and vice versa (The second part of this is not true: Cognitive therapists do not believe thoughts will automatically change when behaviors do.).

Genome-wide linkage studies are limited in their usefulness because

Correct: -it takes a large pool of family members to get a small amount of data. Incorrect: -the procedure can only be done at a few specialized clinics. -it takes a large number of staff to sort through and categorize the data. -the process is extremely lengthy and expensive to conduct.

Negative reinforcers

Correct: -keeps behaviors going by reducing or taking away aversive stimulus Incorrect: -are more effective than positive reinforcers in the training of a new behavior (Both negative and positive reinforcers are equally effective.). -are less effective than positive reinforcers in the training of a new behavior (Negative reinforcers are not any less effective than positive reinforcers in the training of a new behavior.). -are the same as punishment.

According to the behavioral perspective, maladaptive behaviors are

Correct: -learned Incorrect: -instinctive. -the result of unconscious desires. -inherited.

Often considered the fuel for the id, our Blank______ is the primal instinct that pushes us toward wish fulfillment.

Correct: -libido Incorrect: -psyche -pleasure principle -psychic drive

The first form of psychosurgery was the Blank______, conducted by Egas Moniz in 1935.

Correct: -lobotomy, or the severing of the prefrontal lobes Incorrect: -removal of neurological tumors -hemispherectomy, or the removal of one hemisphere of the fore brain -severing of the corpus callosum

The trait theory states that abnormal behavior occurs because of which of the following?

Correct: -maladaptive personality traits Incorrect: -misaligned personality traits -unbalanced personality traits -inappropriate personality traits

Some disorders, such as depression, may be treated by a wide variety of medications. Some medications can be used to treat a wide variety of disorders. This has led researchers to believe

Correct: -many disorders have common causes Incorrect: -that sometimes, trying a medication for something it has not been used for previously may be a valid treatment model (Due to the risks, it is rarely standard practice to try a medication for something it has not been used for previously.). -the percentage of medications that can be used for multiple disorders will continue to grow (There is no evidence that the percentage of medications that can be used to treat multiple disorders will continue to grow.). -there will one day be a universal psychotherapeutic treatment.

Carl Rogers's therapeutic goal was for each client to achieve

Correct: -maximum fulfillment of potential Incorrect: -a "warm" treatment environment. -a sense of psychological balance. -a higher level of self-actualization (The concept of self-actualization was proposed not by Carl Rogers but Abraham Maslow.).

When compared to the methods and procedures in the past, current neurosurgery

Correct: -methods target the specific areas instead of general areas of the brain Incorrect: -is only used as a last resort, when all other treatments have failed. -has about the same level of success as in the past but a lower risk profile. -focuses on a holistic treatment model in which both behavioral and psychological problems are addressed.

Malik, a registered nurse, works in an inpatient psychiatric hospital in which he collaborates with staff across multiple specialty areas to create a therapeutic community for the residents. What type of treatment is provided in this setting?

Correct: -milieu therapy Incorrect: -multicultural therapy -holistic care -multidisciplinary integrated care

Which of the following best refers to a mental state that is achieved by intentionally bringing one's awareness to the present moment without judgment of internal or external observations?

Correct: -mindfulness Incorrect: -concentration -attention -focus

Jason just returned from a combat tour in Afghanistan and has had difficulties adapting to peace-time situations. He is hyper-vigilant, and loud noises put him into a near panic. When he discusses this with a therapist, the therapist suggests watching videos of demolition crews setting off explosions and watching as the crews react positively to their work. What process is the therapist using to decrease Jason's fear responses?

Correct: -modeling and vicarious reinforcement Incorrect: -counterconditioning -systematic desensitization -modeling with a token environment

The main difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins lies in the fact that

Correct: -monozygotic twins are identical and share 100% of their genotypes. Incorrect: -dizygotic twins are identical and share 100% of their genotypes. -monozygotic twins are identical and share about 50% of their genotypes. -both types of twins are identical and share 100% of their genotypes, but monozygotic twins are more closely related to their parents.

When a therapist asks questions that elicit the individual's own arguments for change, the therapist is using the Blank______ model.

Correct: -motivational interview Incorrect: -adversarial interview -confrontational interview -argumentative interview

The Blank______ approach to therapy relies on awareness, knowledge, and skills of the client's sociocultural context.

Correct: -multicultural Incorrect: -sociocultural -marginalizing -interpersonal

In most cases, abnormal behavior is the result of

Correct: -multiple causes from a number of perspectives. Incorrect: -the way a child is nurtured and the environment they grow up in. -environmental influences. -single causes that can be related to a specific perspective.

Which of the following factors would a psychologist from the sociocultural perspective believe are significant contributors to the development of a psychological disorder?

Correct: -natural and human-caused disasters -violence and war -oppression and poverty Incorrect: -biochemical changes in the brain

Alvaro is a 38-year-old, recently divorced father who began experiencing psychotic symptoms. His psychiatrist recommends medication to manage these symptoms. Which class of drug would his psychiatrist be most likely to prescribe?

Correct: -neuroleptic Incorrect: -benzodiazepine (An antipsychotic or neuroleptic would be a more appropriate choice.) -anxiolytic -antidepressant

Chemical messages that allow neurons to communicate with each other are called Blank______.

Correct: -neurotransmitters Incorrect: -brain structures -terminal vesicles -action potentials

Neural signals move from one neuron to the next by the use of

Correct: -neurotransmitters Incorrect: -nervous bridges. -electrical arcing. -neural bridges.

Learning that occurs when a response is paired with a consequence is referred to as

Correct: -operant conditioning Incorrect: -classical conditioning (Classical conditioning is when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus, which then leads to a conditioned response. Learning that occurs when a response is paired with a consequence is referred to as operant conditioning.). -trial-and-error learning. -operational learning.

Irene is depressed. When she's depressed, her husband starts doing more of the housework. She likes it when he does the housework, but it also makes her feel guilty that she is not helping with it, which causes her depression to get worse. Irene's husband's reinforcement of her depressed behavior is the basis of

Correct: -operant conditioning. Incorrect: -classical conditioning. -Pavlovian conditioning (The fact that her depressed behavior is reinforced (is more likely to continue) suggests that this is the basis of operant conditioning.). -social cognitive learning.

Maslow felt that self-actualization can only occur when

Correct: -our basic needs are met. Incorrect: -we are open to exploring our needs. -all of our needs are met. -we accept our self-image.

With Blank______, the therapist first shows the client a situation where someone demonstrates the desired behavior, then leads the client through the same situation.

Correct: -participant modeling Incorrect: -systematic desensitization -counterconditioning -aversive conditioning (Aversive conditioning is a classical conditioning procedure in which an aversive or noxious stimulus is associated with an undesirable behavior to lesson or remove that behavior.)

The basis for Freud's therapeutic model for the treatment of psychological disorders was to find the root causes that most often are hidden in a person's

Correct: -past. Incorrect: -behaviors. -psyche. -perversions.

What are the "objects" in object relations theory?

Correct: -people with whom we form relationships Incorrect: -various components of our ego -our ego and personality -things we desire and attempt to obtain throughout our lifetime

Neuromodulation, or Blank______, is a form of psychosurgery that has been shown to be effective with some disorders.

Correct: -permanently implanting electrodes in the brain Incorrect: -removing "modules" in the brain -"rewiring" sections of the brain using gold leads and fiber optic strands

Carl Rogers believed that it is important to help people achieve maximum fulfillment of their potential and that we need to be honest about our experiences. This is the main tenet of

Correct: -person-centered theory. Incorrect: -goal-based theory. -human achievement theory. -client-based theory.

Your Blank______ is the characteristics that result from a combination of environmental and genetic influences.

Correct: -phenotype Incorrect: -DNA -RNA -genotype

According to Shaurya's genotype, there should be no reason why he is developing dementia. There is no family history of it. However, when he was a child, he lived in a house where the paint was all lead-based. The dementia based on the lead poisoning is an example of environmental influences on Shaurya's

Correct: -phenotype Incorrect: -chromosomes. -phenotype, genotype, and chromosomes. -genotype (The genotype is the observed and measurable characteristics that result from a combination of genetic and environmental influences.).

Jamie has red hair, freckles, and green eyes. These are examples of her

Correct: -phenotype Incorrect: -genes (Red hair, freckles, and green eyes are observed and measurable characteristics,). -genotype. -chromosomes.

The Blank______ is a motivating force that seeks immediate and total gratification.

Correct: -pleasure principle Incorrect: -superego -reality principle -Freudian appraisal model

Many psychological disorders occur because of the impact of numerous genetic influences. This is referred to as a Blank______ effect.

Correct: -polygenic Incorrect: -multi-modal dominance -cross-dominance -dominant-recessive crossing

When you are paid for working, you have received a

Correct: -positive reinforcer Incorrect: -mandated reinforcer. -negative reinforcer. -compensatory reinforcer (There is no concept "compensatory reinforcer.").

Which of the following is not a research method used to research the link of genes to psychological disorders?

Correct: -psychoanalysis Incorrect: -family inheritance studies -a combination of genomics and brain scan studies -DNA linkage studies

According to the Blank______, behavior is determined by the unconscious.

Correct: -psychodynamic perspective Incorrect: -psychosomatic perspective -psychodisphoric perspective -behavioral perspective

The phrase "good things come to those who wait" is an example of Freud's Blank______ principle.

Correct: -reality Incorrect: -delayed pleasure -ego integrity -delayed gratification

Where the id is impulsive, the ego knows that sometimes you need to wait for gratification. This is because the ego is controlled by the

Correct: -reality principle Incorrect: -greater-good principle. -delay principle. -logic property principle.

The humanistic perspective views abnormal behavior as a result of

Correct: -restricted growth potential. Incorrect: -conflicts between desires and beliefs. -unfulfilled unconscious desires (The humanistic perspective does not focus on unconscious behavior.). -incongruent thought processes.

Endophenotype research has been used to study Blank______, where even though there are numerous visible symptoms, there are also unobservable characteristics that are indicators of the disorder.

Correct: -schizophrenia Incorrect: -dissociative identity disorder -post-traumatic stress disorder -bipolar disorder

According to Maslow, if you have reached your maximum potential for psychological growth, you have obtained

Correct: -self-actualization. Incorrect: -self-integration. -self-worth. -self-esteem.

According to Erikson, each stage of our development

Correct: -sets the stage for the next stage. Incorrect: -has little or no impact on the next stage. -is never revisited once we progress to the next stage.

ECT has been found to be an effective Blank______ treatment for depression.

Correct: -short-term Incorrect: -auxiliary -long-term -permanent

After identical twins, which group would have the next highest concordance rates for psychological disorders?

Correct: -siblings Incorrect: -uncles and nephews -grandparents and grandchildren -first cousins

What is one of the best ways a person can stay up-to-date on the side effects of different medications?

Correct: -sign up for the FDA watch list newsletter Incorrect: -Read the information given to you by the pharmacist when you pick up your prescription (While it is good to read the information on drugs you are currently taking that is provided by your pharmacist, the best way to keep abreast of the current side effects on different medications is via the FDA watch list newsletter.). -Read magazines about health and wellness. -Talk with a friend who takes the same medications.

Researchers who are looking for genome-wide associations search for

Correct: -single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Incorrect: -stacked nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). -single nucleotide polymetrics (SNPs). -stacked nucleotide polymetrics (SNPs).

Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is a(n) Blank______ approach which helps clients who have trouble regulating their emotions.

Correct: -skills-based Incorrect: -cognition-poor -instruction-based -medication-based

Lynn is 16 and the oldest of four children. She constantly argues with her parents and is often punished because of it. As a result, when her brother Chris turns 16, he does not fight with his parents and is able to avoid being punished. This is an example of

Correct: -social learning Incorrect: -delayed learning. social learning (Learning by watching others being reinforced and punished is called social learning.). -operant conditioning. -social reinforcement.

The Blank______ perspective focuses on how external factors, such as communities and family, may contribute to the development of abnormal behavior.

Correct: -sociocultural Incorrect: -behavioral -humanistic -behavioral neuroscience

The impact of family life, schools, and communities and how they may lead to abnormal behavior are studied as part of the Blank______ perspective.

Correct: -sociocultural Incorrect: -cultural -cultural environmental -sociological

Acceptance-based approaches focus on changing the individual's relationship with their experiences of a disorder, rather than reducing the Blank______.

Correct: -specific symptoms Incorrect: -neurological components -unconscious components -genetic causes

Which possible source of psychological dysfunction is getting more attention, due to better brain scanning methods?

Correct: -structural abnormalities in the brain Incorrect: -sociocultural factors -nutritional deficits -childhood trauma

Neural communication occurs when information is transmitted from one neuron to the next at the

Correct: -synapse Incorrect: -cell body. -terminal buttons. -dendrites.

Since you were a child, you have suffered from coulrophobia, or a fear of clowns. Now, you are dating someone who volunteers at the local hospital as a clown, and you want to get over your fear. In discussing it with a counselor, he suggests starting out slowly, first talking about the history of clowns, then looking at pictures of them, until finally, you're wearing clown makeup and going on "clown dates" with your new friend. Your therapist used the process of Blank______ to help you.

Correct: -systematic desensitization Incorrect: -purpose-driven desensitization -systematic relearning -cognitive conditioning

In which of the following does a client first learn relaxation exercises and then develops a hierarchy of feared stimuli to which they will be exposed?

Correct: -systematic desensitization Incorrect: -systematic reconditioning -progressive reconditioning -progressive desensitization

One of the main points of Freud's psychosexual development theory states that psychological adjustment is based on how we resolve

Correct: -the Oedipus complex Incorrect: -the ego-superego dilemma. -our defense mechanisms. -the oral stage.

Motivational interviewing and the client-centered approach both emphasize

Correct: -the client's autonomy Incorrect: -the client's childhood. -the client's humanity. -the client's self-image (MI, like other client-centered approaches, emphasizes the client's autonomy.).

Polygenic refers to

Correct: -the effect of multiple genes on a trait Incorrect: -comparing the impact of one set of genes to that of another set. -the flexibility of genes to mutate and repair themselves using genes around them. -specific genetic disorders found only in Polynesian populations.

Justin and Whitney are both very artistic. They each have a studio in their house and allow their children to paint, sculpt clay, and draw. As their children grow, they also show artistic abilities. This is an example of which of the following?

Correct: -the gene-environment correlation Incorrect: -a natural habitat -behavior modeling -the family-environment correlation (Gene-environment correlations exist when people with a certain genetic predisposition are distributed unequally in particular environments.)

Lloyd is in therapy for depression. According to attachment theorists, therapeutic outcome can be affected by:

Correct: -the relationship between Lloyd and his therapist Incorrect: -length of therapy sessions -the conflict between id and ego -feelings of inferiority

SSRIs are used to treat depression, anxiety, and eating disorders, among other conditions. This suggests that

Correct: -these conditions may have a common neurobiological link. Incorrect: -doctors will often try a "shotgun" method of treatment and keep changing the medications until they find one that works. -some classes of medications will work for anything. -these disorders are all really the same condition.

Adler and Horney felt we develop close interpersonal relationships because

Correct: -they are satisfying in and of themselves Incorrect: -it is an instinctual process that ensures our survival as a species. -we are social creatures and need to have sustained contact with others to stay healthy. -of the strong sexual need to have relationships.

Which of the following is one word that best describes the cognitive perspective?

Correct: -thoughts Incorrect: -feelings -behaviors -memories

Garland is trying to potty train his son, Tyler. For each time Tyler successfully uses the toilet, he gets a sticker to place on a chart. When he gets 20 stickers, Garland will take him out for ice cream. Garland has set up a Blank______ with Tyler.

Correct: -token economy Incorrect: -reward economy -cognitive reward -reward contingency

Nia has a tendency to be very withdrawn and introverted. Throughout her life, she has maintained very few friendships, and now in her older age, she is without support. She is now quite depressed. Which approach would suggest her introverted personality is, in part, related to her current psychological distress?

Correct: -trait theory Incorrect: -behavioral theory (While her behaviors are likely perpetuating her distress, her introverted trait has contributed to her tendency to isolate.) -existential theory -psychoanalytic theory

Dr. Johnson typically uses the Five Factor Model to diagnose and treat his patients. This model is part of which of the following?

Correct: -trait theory Incorrect: -psychoanalytic theory -humanistic theory -behavioral theory

A client's feelings toward their therapist is known as Blank______.

Correct: -transference Incorrect: -therapeutic relationship -unconditional positive regard -countertransference

When DNA methylation occurs, the chemical group methyl attaches itself to a gene, which

Correct: -turns the gene off Incorrect: -leads to beneficial mutations to a gene. -causes permanent damage to the gene. -turns the gene on.

One way to determine if genetics plays a stronger role than the environment in the development of psychological disorders is by doing Blank______.

Correct: -twins-reared-apart studies Incorrect: -twins-reared-together studies -experimental studies with placebo control -double-blind experimental studies

Eva says to her therapist, "I don't like myself; I've done bad things." Her therapist responds by saying, "We've all done bad things, but that doesn't matter—I still like you." Her therapist is using Blank______ to help Eva to understand that she is really a good person.

Correct: -unconditional positive regard Incorrect: -positive image mirroring -positive image reassurance (When a therapist accepts a client completely and totally, he or she is offering unconditional positive regard.) -unconditional positive rephrasing

According to Freud, which of the following is not one of the three structures that comprise the personality?

Correct: -unconscious Incorrect: -id -ego -superego

According to psychodynamic theorists, psychopathological behavior can only be understood by examining the

Correct: -unconscious Incorrect: -interaction between the emotional and behavioral aspects of personality (Psychoanalytic theory does not discuss interaction between the emotional and behavioral aspects of personality.). -super ego. -interaction between the five main traits of personality.

Which of the following are purposes of theoretical perspectives in abnormal psychology?

Correct: -understanding the treatment of psychological disorders -understanding the causes of human behavior Incorrect: -understanding the DSM-5 diagnostic system

In a genome-wide association study, researchers look at the genome of

Correct: -unrelated people who have the same disease or disorder Incorrect: -unrelated people who may or may not have the same disease or disorder. -all family members, regardless of whether they have the disorder or not. -all family members who have the same disease or disorder.

The increased likelihood that an individual will engage in a behavior that he or she sees someone else rewarded for doing is best explained as

Correct: -vicarious reinforcement Incorrect: -operant conditioning. -positive reinforcement. -social learning theory (This is a broad umbrella term for the belief that people learn through observation, but the likelihood of doing what you see is a type of vicarious reinforcement.).

You watch someone be reinforced for helping a stranger, and because of that, you are more likely to stop and help someone you do not know. A behavioral therapist would say you were

Correct: -vicariously reinforced Incorrect: -systematically reinforced. -purposefully reinforced. -positively reinforced (Learning by watching others be reinforced for a behavior is known as vicarious reinforcement.).

Jung believed that abnormal behavior occurs when

Correct: -we fail to pay attention to our unconscious needs. Incorrect: -fixations occur in our psychosexual development. -our unconscious leads us to believe we are unworthy of the love of others. -our defensive mechanisms are protecting our ego.

In the gene-environment interaction model, if Linda has a genetic predisposition to an anxiety disorder, when might she have the highest chance of the disorder being expressed?

Correct: -when Linda is unexpectedly placed into a stressful situation at work Incorrect: -when Linda's friend throws her a surprise birthday party -when Linda is watching a scary movie of her choice -when Linda is paying her regular bills at the end of the month

Meredith has a crush on another student in her class and desires to ask this individual out on a date, but she realizes this person is unavailable. She feels excited about the prospect of building an intimate relationship with this person. Meredith begins to imagine dating this person. This process of imagining dating this person is an example of

Correct: -wish fulfillment. Incorrect: -the pleasure principle (The pleasure principle would motivate people to seek immediate and total gratification, not necessarily to imagine a future outcome.). -unconscious needs. -delayed gratification.

The way we score on individual traits and their facets gives shape to our

Correct: -personality Incorrect: -behaviors. -experiences. -expectations.

Electroconvulsive therapy was discovered while researchers were seeking a treatment for __________.

Epilepsy/seizures

Ego psychology theorists agreed with Freud that psychopathology resulted from disturbances in primitive instincts.

False

The existence of assortative mating makes it easier to estimate genetic contributions to psychological disorders.

False

True or false: The development of psychological disorders is widely believed to be the result of one single factor, such as genetics.

False (Abnormal behavior is widely believed to be the result of multiple causes and not one single factor.)

True or false: Genetic causes explain almost all psychological disorders.

False (Environment also plays a powerful role in the development of psychological disorders.)

True of false: Most psychologists believe that there is a one-to-one mapping of psychological functions and neurotransmitters.

False (Evidence points to there not being a one-to-one mapping of psychological functions and neurotransmitters.)

True or false: Psychotropic medications are intended to cure psychological disorders.

False (Psychotropic medications are intended to reduce the symptoms of psychological disorders.)

True or false: Social learning theorists believe that behavior is the result of unconscious, unresolved processes.

False (Social learning theorists believe that we learn by observing the actions of others.)

__________ are responsible for how a cell performs.

Genes

id

He has a temper tantrum and shouts, "I want this one!"

superego

He judges each option as being "good" or "bad."

ego

He lists all of the ways in which the new television could be acquired, including store credit and outright theft.

__________ therapy is an inpatient treatment modality that provides clients with a sense of community.

Milleu

__________ is a term for the similarity between a clients' feelings toward a therapist and that client's feelings toward other important figures in their life.

Transference

Classical conditioning is the process in the behavioral perspective that accounts for the learning of emotional, automatic responses.

True

Neuroscientists assume that neurons that transmit and respond to the same neurotransmitters operate as pathways responsible for specific functions.

True

Personality traits can affect both health and cognitive functioning, particularly in later life.

True

True or false: An individual's attachment style can affect how they respond to therapy.

True

True or false: Even though genetic lInkage studies are useful, they require a large pool of family members and may produce limited findings.

True

True or false: The goal of behavioral therapy is for clients to unlearn maladaptive behaviors and replace them with healthy, adaptive behaviors.

True

True or false: Token economy systems are most often used with clients who are being treated in residential facilities.

True

True or false: Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) is one example of a brief psychodynamic therapy

True (CCRT allows for brief therapy that will allow the therapists to recognize and work through the client's patterns of behavior in a supportive way.)

In __________ __________, an individual with a psychological disorder enters into a long-term relationship with an individual with that same disorder.

assortative mating

The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to increase an individual's __________.

cognitive/flexibility

The final step in family inheritance studies is to calculate the __________.

concordance rate

A surgeon operates on a brain region with the expressed intent on alleviating an individual's psychological symptoms. This biological treatment is called __________.

psychosurgery/lobotomy/neurosurgery/psychosurgical

Orientations to understanding the causes of human behavior and the treatment of abnormality are called __________ __________.

theoretical perspectives

Orientations to understanding the causes of human behavior and the treatment of abnormality are called __________ ___________.

theoretical perspectives

A personality __________ theorist would propose that an individual's anxious temperament explains their psychological dysfunction.

trait