Chapter 15 - The Autonomic Nervous System
NE, sympathetic, adrenergic
"Fight or flight" results from the release of the neurotransmitter __________ from postganglionic __________ (sympathetic/parasympathetic) neurons—effects called __________.
parasympathetic, ACh, cholinergic, sweat glands, blood vessels
All preganglionic fibers and all postganglionic fibers that carry information themed as "repast and repose" are __________ (sympathetic/parasympathetic), release only the neurotransmitter __________; and their effects are called _________________. Hint: Sympathetic fibers that innervate __________ __________ and those that innervate __________ __________ in skeletal muscles are cholinergic!
single
All somatic motor pathways consist of a _______motor neuron.
fight or flight, rest and digest
Because of he location of the preganglionic cell bodies, the sympatheric division of the ANS is aslo called the _______division, the parasympathetic division is also called the _______ division.
ACh, Norephinephrine
Cholinergic neurons release ________ and adnergic neurons release ________
a
That brain stem region that directly controls many activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), is the a. medulla oblongata. b. pituitary gland. c. cerebellum. d. hypothalamus. e. basal ganglia.
ANS
The ________ also receives sensory input from somatic senses and special sensory neurons.
somatic nervous system
The ________ contains both sensory and motor neurons.
autonomic motor neurons
The ________ regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities of cardia muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
somatic sensory neurons
The __________ receive input from receptors of the special and somatic senses.
alpha, beta, adrenergic
Norepinephrine binds to two groups of receptor proteins, known as __________ and __________, with two subtypes for each (1 and 2), which produce __________ (adrenergic/cholinergic) effects in various organs of the body.
denervation hypersensitivity, thoracic, lumbar, brain, sacral
Severing or cutting autonomic neurons results in an increase in responsiveness at the target cell. This characteristic of autonomic neurons is called __________. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons emerge from the __________ and __________ levels of the spinal cord, whereas preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the __________ and __________ levels of the spinal cord.
d
Somatic motor neurons have cell bodies located ______the CNS that send axons to ______; usually under ______control. a. outside; skeletal muscle; involuntary b. inside; the viscera; voluntary c. outside; the viscera; involuntary d. inside; skeletal muscle; voluntary e. outside; the viscera; voluntary
a
The drug that aids the suffering of asthmatics by serving as a ß2 agonist to dilate the airways of the lung, is a. terbutaline. b. atenolol. c. phenylephrine. d. clonidine.
excitation
The effect of a motor neuron is always ___________.
c
The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on the urinary and reproductive systems are a. antagonistic. b. complementary. c. cooperative (synergistic).
b
The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the salivary gland secretion are a. antagonistic. b. complementary. c. cooperative (synergistic).
CNS, myelinated, autonomic ganglion
The first autonomic neuron motor has its cell body in the _____ and its _______ axon extends to a ___________.
ganglion
a collection neuronal cell bodies in the PNS.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
an increased rate of nerve impulses from the __________ division increases heart rate, and an increased rate of nerve impulses from the __________division decreases heart rate.
preganglionic neuron
its cell body is in the brain or spinal cord, and its axon exits the CNS as part of a cranial or spinal nerve.
postganglionic neuron
lies entirely outside the CNS, its cell body and dendrites are located in an autonomic ganglion where it forms synapses with on or more preganglionic axons.
t
true or false Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons have preganglionic cell bodies located inside the CNS and postganglionic cell bodies located outside the CNS
t
true or false Cardiac muscle (the heart) and many smooth muscles can contract rhythmically even in the absence of autonomic nerve stimulation.
f nicotine
true or false Cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic type are ligand-gated ion channels — that is, binding by ACh causes the faster entry of Na + that always results in depolarization and excitation of the target cell.
t
true or false Cocaine is considered a sympathomimetic drug - a drug that mimics or promotes the effects of sympathetic nerve activity through the action of norepinephrine.
t
true or false Cooling of the body can be accomplished by sweat glands along the trunk that secrete both a watery sweat that evaporates and a chemical called bradykinin, that dilates surface blood vessels to help radiate heat.
t
true or false Five different subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors (designated with the letter "M," followed by a number in subscript) have been identified.
f autonomic
true or false Ganglia are an integral part of the somatic motor pathway
t
true or false In the digestive system, activation of parasympathetic neurons increases intestinal movements and stimulates intestinal secretions.
t
true or false Increased sympathetic neuron activity to smooth muscle fibers around blood vessels of the skin (cutaneous) causes vasoconstriction, whereas cutaneous vasodilation results when sympathetic nerve activity is decreased.
t
true or false Neurons whose cell bodies originate in the medulla oblongata and whose axons serve as cranial nerves would be classified as parasympathetic
t
true or false Nitric oxide (NO) is one of many nonadrenergic, noncholinergic paracrine regulator molecules that produce relaxation of smooth muscles in many organs and in blood vessels.
f decrease
true or false Parasympathetic neuron stimulation of the pacemaker region of the heart increases the heart rate.
t
true or false Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are myelinated, and thus, called white rami communicantes, while postganglionic sympathetic fibers are unmyelinated, and therefore, known as the gray rami communicantes.
t
true or false Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors located on smooth muscle fibers in the walls of blood vessels almost always results in muscle contraction and vasoconstriction.
t
true or false Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons usually release different neurotransmitters from their respective postganglionic neuron axons.
t
true or false Sympathetic neurons show great divergence from preganglionic to postganglionic fibers, whereas parasympathetic neurons diverge only a little.
t
true or false The Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a mixed nerve, containing both sensory and motor neuron fibers.
f they are excitatory only
true or false The activation of all somatic motor neurons or preganglionic autonomic neurons results in cholinergic effects that can be both excitatory and inhibitory.
t
true or false The autonomic neurons are unique in that they form synapses en passant ("synapses in passing") as neurotransmitters are released from numerous swellings or varicosities as they pass through their target organs.
f divergence
true or false The convergence of impulses from the spinal cord to the ganglia and the divergence of impulses within the ganglia usually result in the mass activation of almost all postganglionic fibers as a unit.
f medulla
true or false The cortex of the adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglion
t
true or false The physiology of α2-adrenergic receptors is complex because these receptors are mainly located on the presynaptic axon terminals (decreasing NE release), yet are found on the postsynaptic membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in complicated influence on blood pressure.
t
true or false The response of a target cell when norepinephrine binds to α receptors results in a rise in intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) concentration that serves as a "second messenger" molecule.
t
true or false The responses of muscarinic receptors on target cells that are activated by the binding of ACh is mediated by second messenger systems, and is therefore not mediated by ligand-gated ion channels.
f sympathetic
true or false The term "fight or flight" is used to describe the mass activation of the parasympathetic system that prepares the body for intense physical activity in emergency situations.
f beta
true or false The two major subtypes of alpha-receptors produce their effects by stimulating increases in the production of the second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), within the target cell cytoplasm.
t
true or false The word viscera refers to the organs located within the body cavities.
t
true or false Thermoregulation, the regulation of heat gain or loss by the body, is accomplished without the direct involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system.
t
true or false Those sympathetic postganglionic neurons activating blood vessels in skeletal muscle and in sweat glands are unique in their release of acetylcholine (ACh) instead of norepinephrine (NE).
t
true or false Unlike somatic motor neurons that always cause stimulation of skeletal muscle effectors, some autonomic nerves release neurotransmitter substances that inhibit the activity of their effectors.
t
true or false Unlike somatic motor neurons, autonomic motor neurons always involve two neurons in the efferent pathway
t
true or false When epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors in the ANS a group of membraneassociated G-proteins dissociate into subunits, and thereby activate their respective target cells.
e
Which of the following target tissues is (are) innervated only by the sympathetic neurons? a. adrenal medulla b. arrector pili muscle c. sweat glands d. most blood vessels e. All of these are only innervated by sympathetic neurons.
c
Which statement about muscarinic receptors is false? a. They are not found in autonomic ganglia or at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers. b. They are stimulated by extracts from poisonous mushrooms. c. They are subtypes of adrenergic receptors. d. They are not affected by the drug, curare that specifically blocks nicotinic receptors. e. They can be found on the target organs of specific postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
b
Which statement regarding autonomic sympathetic neurons is false? a. They are usually activated as a single unit (mass activation). b. They emerge from the brain and sacral regions. c. They form white and gray rami communicantes fibers. d. They may have ganglia located along the spinal cord
e
Which system does not have its control center in the medulla? a. cardiovascular system b. pulmonary system c. urinary system d. reproductive system e. immune system
a
Which system is not served by postganglionic fibers that arise from the collateral (prevertebral) ganglia? a. respiratory b. digestive c. urinary d. reproductive e. All of these systems are served by these postganglionic fibers
somatic motor neurons
___________ innervate skeletal muscle to produce conscious, voluntary movements.
t
true or false Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors bind with and respond to the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh).
two
Autonomic motor pathways consists of ______ motor neurons in series.
efferent, brain, spinal cord, cell bodies, ganglia
Autonomic neuron axons are always motor or __________, originating in the __________ or __________ as preganglionic neurons. Postganglionic neurons originate from collections of __________ outside the CNS, known as __________.
a
Catecholamines are substances derived from the amino acid, tyrosine, and include all of the following except a. acetylcholine (ACh). b. epinephrine. c. dopamine. d. norepinephrine
paravertebral, collateral, urinary, reproductive, adrenal
Cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in ganglia called the sympathetic or __________ ganglia; the __________ ganglia (which include the celiac and mesenteric) innervate organs of the digestive, __________, and __________ systems. Modified sympathetic ganglion cells are located directly in the medulla of the __________ gland.
dual, antagonistic, complementary, cooperative
In organs stimulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons (__________ innervation), the actions between these two types of neurons will be __________, __________, or __________.
pre-. parasympathetc, short, within
Many cranial nerves are __________ (pre-/post-) ganglionic __________ (sympathetic/parasympathetic) neurons with __________ (long/short) postganglionic neurons because the ganglia are located close to or __________ the target cells.
autonomic nervous system
The _________________ contains both autonomic sensory and motor neurons.
d
The hypothalamus does not contain the control center for the homeostatic regulation of a. body temperature. b. various emotional states. c. hunger. d. breathing. e. thirst.
autonomic ganglion, nonmyelinated, effector
The second autonomic motor neuron has its cell body in an _______, its ________, extends to an_________.
a
The separate effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pacemaker region of the heart can best be described as a. antagonistic. b. complementary. c. cooperative (synergistic)
effector, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
The three target or __________ cells at the end of autonomic neurons are __________ __________, __________ __________, and __________.
medulla oblongata, hypothalamus
The two most important regions of the brain directly responsible for the control of autonomic nervous system activity are the __________ __________ located in the brain stem and the higher brain region called the ______________.
b
Which neuron does not release acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter? a. preganglionic sympathetic fibers b. postganglionic sympathetic fibers c. preganglionic parasympathetic fibers d. postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
d
Which of the following ganglia is not a collateral (prevertebral) ganglion? a. celiac b. superior mesenteric c. inferior mesenteric d. cervical
d
Which of the following is not a ß-adrenergic response? a. slowing down (relaxation) of the digestive tract muscular motility, such as peristalsis b. opening of the airways or bronchioles in the lung c. increasing the force and rate of the heart beat d. dilating the smooth muscle of the skin and splanchnic blood vessels e. relaxing the smooth muscle wall of the urinary bladder
c
Which of the following is not an effector (target) of autonomic nervous system (ANS) motor neurons? a. cardiac muscle b. exocrine glands c. skeletal muscle d. endocrine glands e. smooth muscle
b
Which of the following molecules is not a proposed neurotransmitter of the select group of "nonadrenergic noncholinergic" postganglionic autonomic axons? a. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b. gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) c. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) d. nitric oxide (NO)
a
Which of the following statements about parasympathetic neurons is false? a. Like sympathetics, they travel within spinal nerves. b. They synapse in terminal ganglia, either next to or within the organs innervated. c. They originate in the brain or sacral spinal cord regions (the craniosacral division). d. Postganglionic fibers are usually shorter than those of sympathetic neurons. e. They send preganglionic fibers to the visceral organs, such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, intestine, among others.
b
Which of the following statements does not describe denervation hypersensitivity? a. autonomic target tissues become more sensitive than normal to stimulating agents b. skeletal muscle effectors enter a state of flaccid paralysis and atrophy c. can result from severing (cutting) autonomic motor neurons d. an example is restoring the secretion of acid from the stomach following vagotomy (severing the Vagus nerve)
ANS
receives input from limbic system and other regions of the cerebrum
ANS
regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands
f outside
true or false A ganglion is defined as a collection of cell bodies inside the CNS (brain and spinal cord).
t
true or false Adrenergic stimulation by epinephrine, usually secreted by the adrenal medulla, and by norepinephrine, secreted from sympathetic nerve endings, can produce both excitatory and inhibitory effects.
t
true or false Autonomic motor nerves innervate organs whose functions are not usually under voluntary control.
f limbic system
true or false Blushing, pallor, fainting, breaking out in a cold sweat, a racing heartbeat, and "butterflies in the stomach", are only some of the many visceral reactions that accompany emotional activation of the hypothalamus.
