Chapter 16

Ranching

- Cattle Kingdom - Open Range Ranching - "Barbed Wire" wars

Mineral Exploitation

- Gold and Silver - "Boom Town" Mentality (A boom town is a community that undergoes sudden and rapid population and economic growth, or that is started from scratch )

Difficulties for Migrants

- property - lack of skills - limited good land

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Andrew Jackson forced Indians to move from south. Indian surrounded land east of Mississippi to settle in Oklahoma and elsewhere. Only 15000 made it.

Dawes Severalty Act

Breaks Indian lands into small plots for Indian families or sales to whites. It weakens authority; causes loss of Indian land

Treaty Of Fort Laramie (1868)

Indian tribes establish tribal boundaries over shared hunting grounds and ensure safe passage of westward- bound settlers through Indian territory. Discourages

Wounded knee

On December 14 they attempted to arrest Chief Sitting Bull, a legendary Sioux warrior. When he resisted, shots fired and sitting bull was killed. His people left the reservation at Pine Ridge and fled into the Badlands. The solider pursued them and the Indians surrendered. As they were disarmed, however, a scuffle broke out and troops fire. some 150 Sioux were killed,including many women and children. Thirty federal soldiers also died during the fighting at Wounded Knee.

Homestead Act

Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

Little Big Horn

The Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. When a number of tribes missed a federal deadline to move to reservations, the U.S. Army, including Custer and his 7th Calvary, was dispatched to confront them. Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull (c.1831-90) at Little Bighorn, and his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer's Last Stand.

Sand Creek

The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was a massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Manifest Destiny

the belief that the expansion of the U.S throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable