Chapter 16, Chapter 17, Chapter 19, Chapter 18
Who led the Russian peasant rebellion of the 1770s? Select one: a. Pugachev b. Constantinov c. Kirov d. Radishev e. Kosygin
a
All of the following countries participated in the successive partitions of Poland EXCEPT Select one: a. Hungary. b. Poland. c. Prussia. d. Austria. e. Russia
a
Although early modern Russia was paternalistic, evidence that reforms in Russia included women is proven by all these changes EXCEPT: (A) the right of women to sue in court and divorce their husbands. (B) the rule of four Russian tsarinas (empresses). (C) the right of women to appear in public. (D) the end to the marriage tradition in which a whip was handed from father to bridegroom. (E) decrees westernizing women's dress and manners and permitting education.
a
Between 1532 and 1549, colonization in Brazil was in the hands of minor Portuguese nobles granted strips of land called Select one: a. captaincies. b. duchies. c. consulados. d. proprietary colonies. e. mitas
a
Economically, early modern Russia was (A) largely agricultural and dependent on Western trade. (B) largely industrialized. (C) poor and backward with few items to export and unable to feed itself. (D) self-sufficient enough to be uninterested in trade. (E) one of the leading partners in international trade.
a
Following the death of Peter the Great, the next powerful ruler of Russia was Select one: a. Catherine the Great. b. Peter III. c. Ivan IV. d. Alexander III. e. Frederick II.
a
How did Caribbean cities differ from those of Europe? Select one: a. American cities were laid out in a grid plan. b. They were built near water. c. There were no Caribbean cities d. American cities lacked churches. e. There was an absence of commerce in American cities.
a
In order to expand, Russia had to defeat all these neighboring states EXCEPT: (A) Austria. (B) Sweden. (C) Poland-Lithuania. (D) the Ottoman Empire. (E) the Khanate of the Golden Horde
a
Russians who refused to accept tsarist reforms of the Orthodox church and who were exiled to Siberia for their conservatism were called Select one: a. "Old Believers." b. fundamentalists. c. boyars. d. bogomils. e. cossacks.
a
The Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas, a conquistador-turned-priest Select one: a. became an ardent supporter of conversion of Indians and an advocate of Indian rights. b. was responsible for the bloody annihilation of the Indian population of Tenochtitlan in 1520. c. accompanied Columbus and counseled him on Indian affairs. d. was responsible for the brutal laws oppressing the Indians. e. was named head of the Council of the Indies in 1518.
a
The man responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico was Select one: a. Hernan Cortés. b. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado. c. Francisco Pizarro. d. Panfilo de Narvaez. e. Pedro de Valdivia.
a
The minister responsible for the 18th-century reforms in Portugal and Brazil was Select one: a. the Marquis of Pombal. b. Garcia Floridablanca. c. Elijio Martínez. d. José de Escandon. e. José de Gálvez.
a
What American colony became the first major plantation zone, organized to produce a tropical crop demanded in Europe? Select one: a. Brazil b. Peru c. Yucatan d. Chile e. Mexico
a
What conditions undercut the position of the Brazilian sugar plantation economy? Select one: a. Competition from English, French, and Dutch plantation colonies in the Caribbean led to rising prices for slaves and falling prices for sugar. b. The European market was flooded with sugar supplied from Asian colonies. c. A demographic disaster among the Indians of Brazil resulted in a shortage of labor for the sugar plantations shortly after 1700. d. The growth of manufacturing made plantations less important to the economy. e. A series of unusually wet winters flooded the traditional sugar regions and caused Brazilian planters to seek new land for the production of sugar.
a
What family was selected in 1613 to establish a new ruling dynasty in Russia? Select one: a. Romanov b. Radishev c. Esterhazy d. Molotov e. Habsburg
a
What government did Ivan the Great claim to have succeeded as the "third Rome"? Select one: a. The Byzantine Empire b. The Ottoman Empire c. Holy Roman Empire d. The Umayyad Empire e. The Abbasid Empire
a
What political center served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols? Select one: a. Duchy of Moscow b. Kiev c. St. Petersburg d. Crimean peninsula e. Principate of Novgorod
a
What was the primary difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires? Select one: a. Unlike the Spanish empire that was almost exclusively American, the Portuguese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil. b. The Portuguese colony of Brazil was more intellectually independent of the mother country than were the Spanish colonies in Latin America. c. Portuguese colonies lacked the bureaucratic structure that characterized the Spanish colonies after the middle of the 16th century. d. Portuguese colonies did not have the heavy influence of the Catholic church found in Spanish colonies. e. The Portuguese treated their slaves better than did the Spanish due to the influence of the Catholic church.
a
Which of the following statements concerning the 18th-century Spanish reforms in America is most accurate? Select one: a. The French Intendancy system was introduced but the traditional patterns of influence and power among the Creole bureaucrats was disrupted. b. The Spanish colonies were largely demilitarized, as Spain became increasingly dependent on the navy of France to protect its interests in America. c. The Spanish reforms did little to alter the patterns of local administration and the fundamental structure of power and authority in the Latin American colonies. d. The English system of justices of the peace was introduced to replace the audiencias, causing the decline in influence of the educated lawyers in America. e. Governments were formed based on natural rights based on the writings of John Locke.
a
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the economy in Spanish America? Select one: a. Although the majority of people were engaged in agriculture, the whole Spanish commercial system was organized around the mining economy. b. Latin America received almost its entire food supply from Europe, because the Spanish colonies were entirely geared to the production of sugar on estate agricultural systems. c. The agricultural economy of Latin America absorbed virtually its entire population because of the absence of large domesticated animals prior to 1800. d. Most people made their living in manufacturing, with a small segment working in the agricultural sector. e. The majority of people in Latin America were rapidly organized into a light industrial economy intended to produce goods for American society.
a
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the state of the Portuguese and Spanish American colonies by the middle of the 18th century? Select one: a. The American colonies of Spain and Portugal were experiencing considerable growth in population and productive capacity. b. Following the disruption of the plantation economies, the Portuguese and Spanish American colonies experienced population loss and economic depression. c. England was threatening to take over the Caribbean colonies and Spain fell into economic dependency status. d. The population of the American colonies never recovered from the initial loss of Indian population. e. While the population of the American colonies was growing, largely due to the importation of African slaves, the economy was largely stagnant.
a
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Bourbon reforms on colonial economy? Select one: a. The frontiers of Spanish America became fixed b. The extension of the plantation agricultural system to Cuba c. More government control over the economy d. The establishment of state monopolies on items like tobacco and gunpowder e. The growth of Buenos Aires as a regional trade center
a
Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Iberian society? Select one: a. Absence of slaveholding traditions b. Emphasis on patriarchal ideals c. Emphasis on nobility d. Heavy urbanization e. Patriarchal families
a
What region in the Americas was claimed by Portugal? Select one: a. Brazil b. Bermuda c. Peru d. Mexico e. Panama
a. Brazil
In what year did Spanish settlement of the American mainland begin? Select one: a. 1509 b. 1492 c. 1610 d. 1607 e. 1588
a. 1509
Which of the following civilizations was fully part of the global trading network in the 16th century? Select one: a. China b. Ottoman Empire c. Safavid Persia d. Mughal empire e. Russia
a. China
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? Select one: a. China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. b. China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. c. Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods. d. Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status. e. East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy.
a. China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite? Select one: a. German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories. b. Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany. c. Luther was seen as anti-Muslim and many German princes saw a way to expand their power into eastern Europe. d. Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman emperor instead of the pope. e. Luther's support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism.
a. German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories.
Which of the following Western trade goods was of most interest to the Japanese? Select one: a. Gunnery b. Woolen cloth c. Porcelain d. Cotton cloth e. Glassware
a. Gunnery
Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate? Select one: a. Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. b. Humanists rejected scientific explanations in favor of spiritual ones. c. Humanists de-emphasized the corporate and communal aspects of human society. d. Humanists attacked Christianity as rife with superstition and witchcraft. e. Humanists carved out new literary styles without reference to classical or medieval models.
a. Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.
Which of the following was NOT a basic principle of the Enlightenment? Select one: a. If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable. b. Humans behave according to natural laws based on reason. c. Human beings are naturally good and can be educated to do better. d. Religions that relied on faith or refused to tolerate diversity were wrong. e. Society's goals should center on improvements in material and social life.
a. If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable.
The monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was Select one: a. Louis XIV of France. b. William of Orange of the Netherlands. c. Charles I of England. d. Joseph II of Austria. e. Frederick William of Prussia.
a. Louis XIV of France.
Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation? Select one: a. Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism. b. Luther advocated redistribution of land and property throughout Germany. c. Luther advocated the overthrow of the authority of the German princes. d. Luther supported the Peasant Revolt that broke out throughout Germany. e. Luther's reforms meant that indulgences and other ecclesiastical means of salvation would become less expensive and more readily available to the poor.
a. Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism.
Who is generally credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation in 1517? Select one: a. Martin Luther b. Johann Eck c. Jean Calvin d. Ignatius Loyola e. Henry VIII
a. Martin Luther
How did agriculture change in the late 17th century? Select one: a. New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity. b. The practice of fallowing was introduced to restore fertility of fields. c. Western Europe continued to rely largely on the methods and techniques characteristic of the Middle Ages. d. More people worked on farms than ever before due to the higher wages being paid. e. Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas and rapidly became a major food source in western Europe.
a. New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity.
What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a framework of natural laws? Select one: a. Principia Mathematica b. Ars Mystica c. Analogica Pedagogica d. Analects e. Novum Organum
a. Principia Mathematica
Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation? Select one: a. Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust. b. Protestants tended to believe what church authorities told them whereas Catholics began to question church doctrines. c. Protestant churches, as physical structures, were more closely connected to market activities in the cities, encouraging the idea that religion and daily life were related. d. Protestants were more likely to credit miracles or divine interruptions in nature's course. e. Religious change tended to discourage the growth of literacy in the era following the Protestant Reformation
a. Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust.
Besides France, where else did absolute monarchy develop during the period 1450 to 1750? Select one: a. Prussia b. Poland c. The Netherlands d. Britain e. Italy
a. Prussia
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later 18th century? Select one: a. The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture. b. The factory system was well established since the commercial revolution of the 16th century and continued to develop during this period. c. The lack of new technology caused a bottleneck in the manufacturing processes and led to stagnation in European productivity. d. Large scale mass production was begun in places like France and Germany. e. By the 18th century the economic growth typical of the 16th century had halted, and manufacturing suffered from the withdrawal of capital.
a. The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture.
Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate? Select one: a. The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization. b. The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles. c. The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy. d. The Renaissance was largely an artistic movement that began in Italy. e. The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase.
a. The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization.
Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies? Select one: a. The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe. b. Colonialism had limited impact on Europe due to the policy of natives selling free-access goods. c. The development of colonies hastened the growth of centralized governments and destroyed the growth of the merchant class in western Europe. d. Colonial development resulted in a greater sense of cooperation among European nations. e. The decline of the Catholic church and its power resulted from many Europeans moving to the colonies.
a. The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe.
What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? Select one: a. To discover an Arctic route to China b. To convert natives to Catholicism c. To drive the Spanish from the Americas d. To create a fortified port and trading region e. To establish colonies
a. To discover an Arctic route to China
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists? Select one: a. While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion. b. God establishes governments on Earth, and kings are his instruments. c. The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction. d. God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral. e. The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state.
a. While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion.
In Asia, significant conversion to Christianity Select one: a. occurred only in the northern Philippines. b. was limited to the Dutch holding in Indonesia. c. happened wherever the Westerners were able to establish colonies. d. failed to occur anywhere. e. occurred in Korea.
a. occurred only in the northern Philippines.
A substantial merchant class in Russia during the 18th century Select one: a. gained political power. b. failed to develop. c. emerged among the lesser nobility within the Russian cities. d. sprang from peasant origins. e. was restricted to the cities of Moscow, Novgorod, and St. Petersburg.
b
Compared to Western governments, how great a role did the Russian government play in economic development? Select one: a. Because of the dependent nature of the Russian economy, the government played a relatively less significant role in economic development. b. Because of the absence of a merchant class, the Russian government played a greater role than was common in Western states. c. Unlike the West, all production and distribution of goods was controlled by the government. d. Like the West, the government's role in the economy was largely restricted to establishing tariffs and protective measures for domestic industries. e. The Russian government had no role in economic development, a task it abandoned to foreign investors.
b
Eastern Europe shared with Russia all of the following characteristics EXCEPT Select one: a. poverty. b. the development of empire. c. the dominance of the landed aristocracy. d. rigid serfdom. e. the lack of a native commercial class and a significant urban culture.
b
The Minister of the Indies responsible for the 18th-century reforms within the Spanish empire was Select one: a. José de San Martin b. José de Gálvez. c. Garcia Floridablanca. d. Elijio Martínez. e. the Marquis of Pombal.
b
The first landfall in the colony of Brazil took place in 1500 under the leadership of Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan. b. Pedro Alvares Cabral. c. Hernan Cortés. d. Francisco Pizarro. e. Pedro de Valdivia.
b
The only group to support the tsars' attempts to modernize Russia and increase the power of the central government was (A) boyars. (B) urban artisans and merchants. (C) peasants. (D) clergy. (E) ethnic minorities
b
What accounts for the general failure of 18th century colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule? Select one: a. The Spanish reforms were generally so successful that there were few dissatisfied elements in the colonies. b. The various racial and social groups, fearful of unsettling the social hierarchy, failed to work together to unseat the colonial governments. c. They were challenging popularly elected governments led by the Creoles. d. Indians were so little incorporated into American society that they were not interested in changing the political organization of their masters. e. Rebel armies enjoyed no success against the military forces of the colonial government.
b
What sea became critical in the development of Russian power during the reign of Peter the Great? Select one: a. Azov b. Baltic c. North d. Mediterranean e. Caspian
b
What was Catherine the Great's attitude toward the program of Westernization? Select one: a. Catherine earned the title of Enlightened monarch by fully embracing the ideas of the French Enlightenment, including the abolition of the serfs. b. Catherine flirted vigorously with the ideas of the French Enlightenment, but failed to take steps to abolish serfdom. c. She was more interested in the process of Asianization and reforming the aristocracy. d. Catherine rejected the concepts of Westernization in favor of a distinctive Russian culture. e. Catherine was eager to continue the policy of Westernization, but was unable to attract Western philosophers to backward Russia.
b
What was the impact of early Russian expansion on central Asia? Select one: a. There was no impact at first but as time went by, there was a gradual assimilation of the Chinese speaking groups b. Independent central Asia, the source of nomadic cultures and invasion forces, was eliminated. c. Central Asia revived economically as a result of the expansion. d. Russian society became more culturally and ethnically homogeneous. e. Chinese trade was refocused through Russia and eastern Europe.
b
What was the state of the Russian economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century? Select one: a. Russia was following the West into an economy dominated by merchants and capitalists. b. Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy, dependent on peasant labor. c. Fueled by the establishment of the Tatar trade routes with the East, Russia had developed a significant export trade and merchant class. d. Russia was already a dependent region within the global economy dominated by the West. e. Russia's economic ties were almost exclusively with the Ottoman Empire and hence with Africa.
b
Which of the following Indian institutions was retained by the Spanish in Mexico and Peru to serve European administrative purposes? Select one: a. Inca warriors b. The Indian nobility c. Native American religion d. The priestly class e. The Aztec emperor
b
Which of the following statements concerning the Spanish commercial system is most accurate? Select one: a. The intent of the consulado was to keep prices in the Spanish colonies low. b. The merchant guild in Seville had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return until the 18th century. c. Nearly all trade with the Spanish colonies was carried in ships built in the New World and captained by colonists. d. The Council of the Indies regulated all trade and established a sub-council in Spanish America. e. All trade from Spain after the mid-16th century was funneled through the city of Madrid.
b
Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural system of Spanish America is NOT accurate? Select one: a. In places where large sedentary populations existed, Indian communal agriculture of traditional crops continued. b. Plantation crops like sugar and later cacao were exported to Europe in sufficient quantities to exceed the value of bullion exports. c. Spanish America remained predominantly an agrarian economy. d. South America was not known as a producer of wheat or rye. e. Colonists faced with declining Indian populations found landownership more attractive.
b
Which of the following statements concerning the political voice of the Russian nobility is most accurate? Select one: a. The nobility virtually ran the Russian empire with very little interference from the central government. b. The politics of the Russian nobility were expressed through service in the tsarist state and the preeminent power they wielded over the peasant serfs. c. The exclusion of the Russian nobility under Catherine the Great from any role in the central government or the military relegated them to strictly local authority. d. The Russian nobility exercised enormous influence through the powerful assemblies that continued to legislate through the 18th century. e. Under Catherine the Great the Russian nobility was virtually exterminated.
b
Who was the leader of the Indian revolution in Peru in 1781? Select one: a. Nez Percé b. Tupac Amaru c. Garcia Floridablanca d. Chichen Itza e. Emiliano Zapata
b
Why were the encomiendas discontinued by the 1540s and all but gone by the 1620s? Select one: a. As new land became scarce, existing encomiendas were divided among owners instead of new ones being created. b. The Spanish crown was unwilling to see the growth of a new nobility and the decline of the Indian population made them less attractive. c. Despite the continued economic prosperity of the encomienda system, the Spanish crown discontinued them in order to establish a free labor system in the Americas. d. The viceroys of the American colonies ordered their abolition in favor of enslavement of the Indian population. e. The Indians refused to continue to serve under the imperial conditions established in the 1500s and demanded a new arrangement with the Spanish crown.
b
What determined the age of marriage for many people in Europe? Select one: a. The approval of the church b. Access to real property c. Local traditions d. Securing license to marry from the government e. The occupation of the husband
b. Access to real property
Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? Select one: a. Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard. b. Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. c. The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers. d. The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. e. Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population.
b. Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there.
In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? Select one: a. The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support. b. Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. c. The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. d. The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines. e. Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments.
b. Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies.
The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the 18th century called the Select one: a. Great Awakening. b. Enlightenment. c. Renaissance. d. Risorgimento. e. Baroque Era.
b. Enlightenment.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of the development of core-dependent economic zones on state formation? Select one: a. No state government benefited from the creation of core-dependent zones. Neither core regions nor colonies were able to develop strong, centralized governments. b. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states. c. While the profits of global trade tended to strengthen the governments of core regions, the creation of colonies extended powerful governments to dependent zones as well. d. Dependent regions and their governments grew stronger in response to the European threat. e. The efforts of international trade tended to enrich private commercial interests but weaken core governments who were unable to tap the wealth. Dependent zone governments, based on company organization, tended to be strong.
b. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states.
A Spanish-led fleet defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571 at the battle of Select one: a. Nicaea. b. Lepanto. c. the Sargasso Sea. d. Civitate. e. Cyprus.
b. Lepanto.
Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism? Select one: a. Mercantilism was an economic philosophy that argued that natural laws would determine the flow of goods according to supply and demand. b. Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations. c. Mercantilism is the idea that all trade should be international and free of any restraints. d. Mercantilism was a scientific theory that attempted to limit the growing dominance of merchants within society. e. Mercantilism argued that the money supply should be freed from the supply of bullion and based instead on the flow of goods within regional markets.
b. Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations.
Despite Japan's official policy of isolation, the Dutch were able to gain special access to the port of Select one: a. Osaka. b. Nagasaki. c. Yokohama. d. Nissei. e. Kyoto.
b. Nagasaki.
Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther? Select one: a. Only faith could gain salvation. b. Priests should practice celibacy. c. People should read the Bible in their own language. d. Sale of indulgence, or grants of salvation, for money was wrong. e. Monasticism was wrong.
b. Priests should practice celibacy.
Which of the following states fell back from European ascendancy following the religious wars? Select one: a. The Netherlands b. Spain c. Britain d. France e. Italy
b. Spain
Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century? Select one: a. Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire. b. The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. c. The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advances in Europe and forced English attention to foreign conquest. d. Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588. e. Conquered nations rose up against Spain and Portugal, requiring large forces to suppress them.
b. The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals.
Which of the following areas was NOT successfully defended by the Catholic Reformation? Select one: a. Hungary b. The Netherlands c. Southern Europe d. Iberia e. Poland
b. The Netherlands
What was the impact of the introduction of American crops into Europe? Select one: a. Fungi introduced to Europe along with American crops led to a severe decline in agricultural productivity. b. The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe. c. Although American crops were introduced around the world by European traders, they were not adopted in Europe itself. d. Most Europeans rejected the new foods as uncivilized and began to import rice from China. e. Plantation agriculture fueled by slave labor became the norm in European agricultural systems.
b. The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe.
All of the following were advantages the Spanish enjoyed over the Indians EXCEPT Select one: a. the use of horses by the Spanish since the natives did not have any similar animal b. epidemic disease that weakened the Indians and reduced their numbers. c. the failure of nomadic tribes to mount significant resistance to conquest. d. internal divisions and internal rivalries among the Indians. e. the use of firearms and superior steel weapons.
c
As Russia expanded, (A) it acquired a larger Russian population. (B) it became a largely Muslim state. (C) serfdom spread. (D) the free population expanded. (E) nobles lost their influence to merchants and artisans
c
How was the commercial experience of the Portuguese extended to the Americas? Select one: a. The Portuguese were familiar with the routes to the Far East that resulted in the circumnavigation of the globe. b. The Portuguese began commercial trade after the Spanish discovered gold in the Americas. c. The Portuguese experience in Africa and their involvement in slave trading were extended to the Americas. d. The Portuguese introduction of tobacco estate agriculture into the Caribbean was a significant factor in American colonization. e. The Portuguese were responsible for the use of galleys in the Atlantic passage.
c
In what way did Peter the Great shift the foreign policy interests of Russia? Select one: a. Peter the Great initiated the Russian invasion of China. b. Peter abandoned the Russian policies of expansion in favor of consolidation at the center. c. Peter's wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden indicated a westward shift in Russian expansion. d. Peter allied himself with the traditional Russian enemy, the Ottoman Empire. e. Peter began Russian expansion into North America and Japan.
c
Ivan the Great declared that the Russian empire was the successor to which great empire? Select one: a. Mongol Empire b. Han China c. Rome d. The Golden Horde e. The Ottoman Empire
c
Much of the territory added to the Russian empire during the 17th and 18th centuries was Select one: a. Polynesian. b. Balkan. c. Asian. d. African. e. North American.
c
The Russian radical and nobleman who, inspired by the philosophies of the West, urged the abolition of serfdom during the reign of Catherine the Great was Select one: a. Romanov. b. Turgenev. c. Radishev. d. Ulanov. e. Pugachev.
c
What Spanish dynasty was responsible for the series of 18th-century reforms that recast the colonial administration of the Americas? Select one: a. Habsburg b. Carlist c. Bourbon d. Pombal e. Aragon
c
What accounted for the majority of the population loss suffered by Native Americans after the European arrival? Select one: a. Enslavement b. Internal civil conflicts c. Epidemic diseases d. Failure of marriage patterns among the Indians e. Losses in warfare
c
What tsar was responsible for the abolition of the assemblies of the nobles and reform of the Orthodox church? Select one: a. Ivan IV b. Ivan III c. Alexis d. Peter I e. Michael
c
What was the negative impact of the discovery of gold on Portugal? Select one: a. Portugal's agricultural economy was devastated by the flow of capital from domestic produce to Brazilian imports. b. Portugal's trade with China began to decline rapidly which caused a negative trade balance. c. Portugal failed to develop internal industries because the supply of gold allowed the Portuguese to purchase manufactured goods from other European countries. d. Portugal was forced to hand Brazil over to the more powerful Dutch navy. e. Portugal became increasingly dependent on France due to the wars of the 18th century.
c
Where was Peter the Great's program of economic development concentrated? Select one: a. Rapid urbanization b. Farming c. Mining and metallurgical industries d. Pottery production e. Cloth production
c
Which of the following is NOT indicative of Russia's growing economic dependence on the West during the 18th century? Select one: a. A coercive labor system b. Importation of luxuries and some manufactured goods c. Self-sufficiency in metals and weapons d. Exportation of raw materials-furs, grain, and timber e. The need to imitate the West
c
Which of the following statements concerning the men who conquered much of Latin America for Spain is NOT accurate? Select one: a. Most conquerors were cruel and ambitious and many were of humble origins. b. The conquerors, many of humble origins, came to see themselves as a new nobility entitled to dominion over a new peasantry, the Indians. c. Leadership was based on reputation and past achievement. d. An agreement was drawn up between the leader and the Spanish crown that granted authority for the expedition in return for a promise to pay one-fifth of all treasure to the crown. e. Few of the conquerors were professional soldiers.
c
Which of the following was NOT a form of contact with the West during the reigns of the Ivans? Select one: a. Diplomatic missions were sent to leading Western states. b. Territorial expansion along the Polish and Lithuanian border c. Military alliances were signed with Spain and Portugal. d. Western merchants established outposts in Moscow and other centers. e. Italian artists and craftsmen were imported for building projects.
c
Which of the following statements concerning mid-18th-century Western society is most accurate? Select one: a. Most people believed that population growth was self-regulating due to the occurrence of famines. b. As a result of the Enlightenment, established churches no longer were forces to be reckoned with in Western society. c. Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West. d. Radical changes in the nature of government resulted in the creation of essentially new political forms. e. The spread of domestic manufacturing destroyed the traditional habits and family patterns of earlier Europe.
c. Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West.
What was the church established by Henry VIII in England? Select one: a. Lutheran b. Baptist c. Anglican d. Calvinism e. Jesuit
c. Anglican
Which of the following regions was NOT part of the Spanish colonial empire? Select one: a. Mexico b. Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico c. Brazil d. Panama e. Hispaniola
c. Brazil
What Italian captain sailing for the monarchs of Spain reached the Americas in 1492? Select one: a. Dante Alighieri b. Bartolomeo Dias c. Christopher Columbus d. Amerigo Vespucci e. Ferdinand Magellan
c. Christopher Columbus
Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe? Select one: a. Francis Bacon b. Vesalius c. Copernicus d. Isaac Newton e. Galileo
c. Copernicus
In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take place? Select one: a. Brazil b. Spanish Latin America c. French and British colonies of North America d. India e. Macao
c. French and British colonies of North America
Which of the following was NOT a technological improvement introduced during the 15th century in the West? Select one: a. Gunpowder adapted to gunnery b. Use of the compass for navigation c. Lateen sails d. Moveable type e. Deep-draft, round-hulled ships
c. Lateen sails
What economic policy encouraged the development of colonies, particularly by northern Europe countries? Select one: a. Boycotts b. Communism c. Mercantilism d. Socialism e. Free trade
c. Mercantilism
Which of the following was NOT a crop imported into Europe as a result of the "Colombian Exchange"? Select one: a. Squash b. Tobacco c. Millet d. Corn e. Potatoes
c. Millet
Which of the following changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the Enlightenment? Select one: a. Physical discipline of children to encourage their development became more common. b. Childhood became a period of time where the labor of the children was freely available to the family. c. Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children. d. Swaddling of infants continued as a means of protecting infants from injury. e. Childhood was no longer perceived as a stage for learning and growth.
c. Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children.
What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe beginning in 1519? Select one: a. Macao b. New Zealand c. Philippines d. Australia e. Chile
c. Philippines
Which of the following was NOT typical of the commercial revolution of the 16th century? Select one: a. New goods became available b. Substantial imports of American bullion c. Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending d. Formation of great trading companies e. Stimulation of manufacturing
c. Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending
Which of the following statements best accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade? Select one: a. Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans and craftsmen. b. The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a commercial mentality in Spain. c. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability. d. Spain's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. e. The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a policy of international isolation.
c. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability.
Which of the following regions were dependents to the core zone of the global trade network? Select one: a. England b. Holland c. Sub-Saharan Africa d. Spain e. France
c. Sub-Saharan Africa
Which of the following was one of the first new areas brought into the global commercial network after 1450? Select one: a. Ming China b. Eastern Africa c. The Americas d. Scandinavia e. Asia Minor
c. The Americas
What region of the world became the dominant culture in the period after 1450? Select one: a. China b. The Islamic Middle East c. The West d. Africa e. Central Asia
c. The West
Under what Russian ruler was a large part of Russia freed from Mongol control in the 15th century? Select one: a. Peter III b. Ivan IV c. Boris Godunov d. Alexis Romanov e. Ivan III
e
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Thirty Years War? Select one: a. The population of the German territories was reduced by almost 60 percent. b. The treaty that ended the war granted political independence to the Protestant Netherlands. c. The treaty that ended the war established Spain as the principal power of western Europe. d. It reduced German prosperity and power for a full century. e. The war established the principle of territorial toleration.
c. The treaty that ended the war established Spain as the principal power of western Europe.
Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of ________ labor systems. Select one: a. independent b. free c. coercive d. socialist e. dependant
c. coercive
The Edict of Nantes, issued in France in 1598, Select one: a. established Calvinism as the state religion of France. b. declared war against the Lutheran princes of Germany. c. granted tolerance to Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion. d. decreed the abolition of Protestantism in France. e. led to the Thirty Years War between France and Sweden.
c. granted tolerance to Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion.
The most important Dutch colony in Africa was located on Select one: a. Zanzibar. b. the island of Ceylon. c. the Cape of Good Hope. d. Madagascar. e. Mozambique.
c. the Cape of Good Hope.
All of the following were typical of 16th century absolute monarchy EXCEPT Select one: a. the cessation of parliamentary government. b. a professionalized army. c. the destruction of provincial councils. d. constant warfare among monarchs. e. a growing bureaucracy.
c. the destruction of provincial councils.
By 1700, slaves comprised approximately what proportion of the Brazilian population? Select one: a. Three fourths b. Two thirds c. One quarter d. One half e. One third
d
Following the death of Ivan IV, Russian boyars attempted to limit tsarist autocracy and gain governing rights for themselves during the Select one: a. Great Schism. b. Boyar War. c. Era of Division. d. Time of Troubles. e. Russian civil war.
d
How did the Polish government differ from the Russian model after 1600? Select one: a. It was a monarchy. b. There was an absence of a merchant class. c. Poland was more urbanized. d. The central government was powerless. e. Poland lacked a landed aristocracy.
d
In what region was gold discovered in Brazil in 1695? Select one: a. Salvador b. Casas Orientes c. Orinoco d. Minas Gerais e. Siglo D'Oro
d
In what way did the importation of American bullion negatively affect the Spanish economy? Select one: a. American bullion made up nearly 90 percent of Spain's state revenue, so that any disruption in the arrival of silver from America plunged the government into crisis. b. The apparent dependence of Spain on its bullion supply caused European bankers to avoid loaning money to the Spanish government. c. The supply of bullion to Spain was highly irregular, so that the government could not accurately gauge its income or anticipate its expenditures. d. The arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices and a general inflation. e. The supply of bullion kept the Spanish from purchasing manufactured goods from England.
d
Peasants recruited to migrate to newly-seized lands in the Russian empire were called Select one: a. slavs. b. emigrati. c. boyars. d. cossacks. e. "Old Believers."
d
Peter the Great's symbol of his reforms, westernization, and foreign policy was (A) his visit to the West to learn firsthand about institutions and technologies. (B) toleration of religious minorities and laws granting freedom of worship. (C) the shaving of the nobles' beards. (D) building St. Petersburg as the new capital and a port on the Baltic. (E) his conversion to Islam
d
Russia did not experience either the Renaissance or Reformation because (A) Russia did not exist at the time of either movement. (B) Russia was engaged in a long war with the Ottoman Empire. (C) both revolutions were confined to Italy. (D) Mongol rule cut Russia off and isolated her from Western contacts. (E) Russia had no intellectual elites able to understand either movement.
d
The Brazilian model of a plantation colony was later followed in the 18th century by other European nations in Select one: a. Mexico. b. Canada. c. Panama. d. the Caribbean. e. Costa Rica.
d
The Catholic church introduced all of the following to American life EXCEPT Select one: a. establishing missions in outlaying areas. b. monasteries. c. universities. d. the sense of independence from the state. e. the construction of baroque churches.
d
The Spanish convoy system that controlled trade with the Americas was made possible by the development of Select one: a. gunpowder. b. lateen sail. c. the astrolabe. d. galleons. e. oared galleys.
d
The development of coercive labor systems in eastern Europe was indicative of Select one: a. Russia's economic dominance over Asian trade. b. poor race relations in the East. c. the creation of a core economic zone in Russia. d. eastern Europe's growing economic subordination to the West. e. the development of industrial strength in the region.
d
The first Spanish colony in the New World was established on Select one: a. Matagorda. b. Puerto Rico. c. Cuba. d. Hispaniola. e. the Antilles.
d
The greatest silver mine in Spanish America was located at Select one: a. Mexico City. b. Huancavelica. c. Santiago. d. Potosí. e. Veracruz.
d
The greatest source of social unrest in early modern Russia was (A) noble opposition to westernization. (B) the clergy and religious opposition to the non-Christian minorities. (C) rapid growth of towns and factories. (D) the lack of real reform and especially rights for the serfs. (E) caused by intellectuals and radicals opposed to the tsars' authority.
d
The tremendous decline of the Indian population in Mexico was matched by the rapid increase in Select one: a. technological development. b. Spanish women. c. imports of cotton cloth. d. European livestock. e. silver imports.
d
The vice royalties of New Spain and Peru were divided into 10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts, or Select one: a. encomiendas. b. obrajes. c. consulados. d. audiencias. e. cortes.
d
What eastern European nation declined most dramatically after 1500? Select one: a. Hungary b. Prussia c. Austria d. Poland e. Lithuania
d
What group of people was most critical to the bureaucratic administration of the Spanish colonies in America? Select one: a. Military commanders b. Viceroys c. Friars and monks d. University-trained lawyers e. The nobility
d
What was one of the primary limitations on the expansion of the agricultural economy? Select one: a. The lack of cheap labor b. The lack of estate agricultural systems in Russia c. The lack of available and arable land d. Lack of technological improvement e. The lack of markets for Russian surpluses
d
What was the basis for the social hierarchy that developed in the Americas? Select one: a. Wealth b. Education c. The prestige associated with one's occupation d. Racial origins e. The Spanish cultural hierarchy
d
What was the limitation of Peter the Great's policies of cultural Westernization? Select one: a. Despite tsarist proclamations, Westernization failed to have any impact on Russian society. b. He made no attempt to introduce Western education, particularly in technological subjects. c. Peter made no attempt to enforce cultural reforms. d. Westernization was limited to the elite. e. He did not have firsthand knowledge of Western institutions
d
What was the purpose of Peter the Great's policy of economic development? Select one: a. To create a peasant class that could support the nobility b. To create a free working class devoted to industry rather than agriculture c. To raise the standard of living of all Russians d. To avoid the need of importing military armaments e. To create a wealthy merchant class capable of financing further expansion
d
Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of Tsar Michael? Select one: a. Driving out foreign invaders b. Inclusion of part of the Ukraine, including Kiev, in the Russian empire c. The reestablishment of internal order d. Updating practices in the Orthodox Church e. A successful war against Poland
d
Why did the Russian expansion policy focus particularly on central Asia? Select one: a. Most of the Russian population remained ethnically Mongol with clear cultural ties to central Asia. b. Russians wanted to control the lucrative fur trade in Siberia. c. The Russians wished to seize control of the trade routes with China. d. The Russians were motivated by a desire to push the former Mongol overlords farther back to prevent renewed invasion. e. There were natural barriers to westward expansion.
d
Because of the switch from indigenous methods of mining to the extraction of silver through a process of amalgamation with mercury, silver production in the Americas expanded rapidly after Select one: a. 1650. b. 1700. c. 1500. d. 1750 e. 1580.
e
Why was the discovery of mercury in Peru critical to the colonial economy? Select one: a. Mercury was even more valuable than silver as an export commodity. b. Mercury became a medium of exchange in place of money in the American economy. c. Mercury was a critical food component for the growing livestock inventories of New World ranches. d. Mercury was indispensable to the extraction of silver from ore-bearing rock. e. It was much in demand in Europe due to the belief that it could cure diseases.
d
The first Portuguese fleet rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Select one: a. 1519. b. 1354. c. 1291. d. 1488. e. 1433.
d. 1488.
The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at Select one: a. Delhi. b. Goa. c. Ceylon. d. Calcutta. e. Constantinople.
d. Calcutta.
Which of the following statements concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate? Select one: a. Rapid intermarriage between Europeans and the Native Americans resulted in the creation of a new class of people, the mestizos, who continued to play a significant role in North American colonial development. b. Indian populations grew as a result of new foods and goods introduced by European settlers. c. Constant warfare between the numerous sedentary agricultural tribes and the European colonists resulted in limited immigration from Europe. d. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America. e. The occurrence of disease that rapidly decimated the Indian populations of Latin America did not take place in North America, thus Indian populations remained large and intermingled with the European immigrants.
d. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America.
In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment of colonies? Select one: a. West Indies b. Arabia c. Indonesia d. Dutch South Africa e. China
d. Dutch South Africa
Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance circa 1500? Select one: a. Much of Italy was conquered by the Ottoman Turks after the battle of Lepanto. b. Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade. c. The creation of a single nation-state in northern Italy sapped the vitality of artistic patronage. d. French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence. e. Atlantic trade routes increased the importance of Italian cities and their role in the slave trade.
d. French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence.
Which of the following was NOT a participant in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance? Select one: a. Michelangelo b. Niccolo Machiavelli c. Donatello d. Giotto e. Leonardo da Vinci
d. Giotto
How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? Select one: a. Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Eastern Hemisphere as a result of the military dominance of Eastern nations. b. There was no significant trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century. c. Trade was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean. d. In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network. e. Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West as a result of overwhelming advantages in technology
d. In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network.
What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances? Select one: a. The Northern Renaissance occurred a century earlier than the Italian Renaissance. b. Northern kings did not become patrons of the arts. c. There were no major literary figures in the Northern Renaissance. d. Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts. e. The Northern Renaissance did not make use of the classical languages typical of the Italian Renaissance.
d. Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts.
Where was the first Spanish colony on the American mainland? Select one: a. Florida b. California c. Mexico d. Panama e. Peru
d. Panama
The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of Select one: a. France. b. Venice. c. Spain. d. Portugal. e. Sicily.
d. Portugal.
Which of the following areas of trade was NOT dominated by the West after the establishment of a global trading network in the 17th century? Select one: a. The Pacific b. The Caribbean c. The Mediterranean d. The Indian Ocean e. The Atlantic
d. The Indian Ocean
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Renaissance on politics and commerce? Select one: a. City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified their authority on the basis of what they could do to advance the general well-being. b. They experimented with new political forms that did not stress heredity or divine guidance. c. Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more capitalist. d. Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent. e. The city-states introduced the regular exchange of ambassadors and the exercise of diplomacy.
d. Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent.
In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is NOT accurate? Select one: a. Science came to form the centerpiece of Western intellectual life. b. Government powers had expanded as nation-states began to evolve. c. The popular outlook, including ideas about personality and family as well as concepts of nature, had shifted. d. What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy. e. The idea of Christian unity started to decline, which led to religious wars.
d. What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy.
The theological foundation of Jean Calvin's Protestantism was Select one: a. iconodulism. b. the sacraments. c. the doctrine of penance. d. predestination. e. solipsism.
d. predestination.
. In contrast to American slaves, Russian serfs (A) had fewer rights. (B) could neither be owned nor sold. (C) were largely skilled laborers working in export industries. (D) grew mostly cotton, sugar, and tobacco. (E) produced only for a domestic, local economy.
e
In order to accomplish her domestic goals, Catherine the Great (A) followed Enlightenment ideas and democratized her government. (B) supported peasant demands for reform and free land. (C) abolished serfdom and slavery. (D) supported the French Revolution when it broke out. (E) allied with the nobles and gave them absolute control over their peasants.
e
Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible, Select one: a. destroyed the hold of the Vikings on Russia and eastern Europe. b. was responsible for the incorporation of Poland into the Russian empire. c. abandoned the principles of territorial expansion in favor of centralizing power at home. d. allied himself with the Russian aristocracy in a policy of political decentralization. e. wished to confirm tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of boyars.
e
Peter the Great established a new capital for Russia at Select one: a. Novgorod. b. Kiev. c. Moscow. d. Ekaterinburg. e. St. Petersburg.
e
Politically, what aspects of Western culture did Peter the Great emulate in Russia? Select one: a. Parliamentary government b. Republicanism c. Aristocratic control of the bureaucracy d. Separation of church and state e. Royal control over the bureaucracy and reorganized military
e
The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the world into spheres of influence belonging to Select one: a. Mexico and Peru. b. Spain and France. c. Spain and England. d. Portugal, Spain, and England. e. Portugal and Castile.
e
The colonial governments replaced the labor of the encomienda with Indian labor extracted through local officials. Such forced labor was called the Select one: a. obreros. b. obrajes. c. consulado. d. peninsulares. e. mita.
e
The grants of Indians to individual Spaniards as a labor system were called Select one: a. obrajes. b. consulados. c. Alcaldes. d. audiencias. e. encomiendas.
e
The law code that became the basis of law in the Indies was called the Select one: a. Casa de la Contratación. b. Corpus Juris Civilis. c. Plan de Ayala. d. Legalia Indiana. e. Recopilacion.d
e
The most important Spanish settlement in the Caribbean during the 16th century was Select one: a. St. Augustine b. Havana c. Saint Lucia d. Kingston e. Santo Domingo
e
What group of Indians supplied agricultural labor for the Spaniards in the Caribbean? Select one: a. Inca b. Unami c. Lakota d. Aztec e. Taino
e
What percentage of the Russian population remained rural in the 18th century? Select one: a. 75 percent b. 60 percent c. 50 percent d. 20 percent e. 95 percent
e
What port was associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil and subsequently became the capital of the colony? Select one: a. Santiago b. Recife c. Buenos Aires d. Salvador e. Rio de Janeiro
e
What was one of the primary differences between the social organization of the West and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries? Select one: a. There was much more forced labor in Western Europe than in Russia due to the needs of the growing industrial base. b. Russia's merchant class was more fully developed than that of the West. c. The agricultural labor of the West was subject to a more restrictive form of serfdom than that of Russia. d. The West had no formal aristocracy by the 18th century, but in Russia the nobility retained their political and social function. e. Russia saw a progressive intensification of serfdom while the West was relaxing this institution in favor of other labor systems.
e
What was the impact of the 18th-century reforms on slavery in Brazil? Select one: a. Slavery was abolished. b. Slave imports were restricted to encourage the elimination of the plantation economy. c. It led to an overall decline in economic exports to the mother country. d. Brazil remained as profoundly based on slavery in the late 18th century as it had ever been. e. The slave trade with Africa was abolished.
e
What was the relationship between Catherine the Great's government and local administration? Select one: a. The government established by Catherine the Great exercised exclusive control over both central and local government. b. The powers of the government were exercised almost entirely by the nobility and little formal authority was exercised by the central administration. c. Under Catherine the Great, there was little central authority, but village governments under the jurisdiction of peasant headmen continued to function. d. The local bureaucracy held most of the judicial power whereas the tsarist government controlled tax revenues. e. The tsarist government combined a real monopoly of formal politics by a central administration, but had little power over the noble-owned estates.
e
When did Russian serfdom become hereditary? Select one: a. 1453 b. 1618 c. 1482 d. 1558 e. 1649
e
Where in the Americas did the Spanish first create the models that were applied throughout their possessions in the New World? Select one: a. Mexico b. California c. Peru d. Brazil e. The Caribbean
e
Which of the following areas was NOT colonized or claimed by the Russian empire during the reign of Catherine the Great? Select one: a. Parts of Siberia b. Poland c. The Pacific coast of North America as far south as modern California d. Alaska e. Greece
e
Which of the following was NOT one of Peter the Great's political reforms? Select one: a. Specialized bureaucracy b. Systemization of law codes c. Elimination of noble councils d. Improved military weaponry e. Reduction of taxes on the peasantry
e
By the 16th century, at what age did most Europeans marry? Select one: a. 20-22 b. 23-24 c. 25-27 d. 16-19 e. 28-29
e. 28-29
Which of the following was a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century that was proletarian in outlook? Select one: a. Greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature b. A more elaborate family life including greater material wealth c. A more caring attitude toward the problems of the poor d. Greater admiration for the merchant class and the Catholic church e. A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions
e. A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions
Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime? Select one: a. Denmark b. Austria-Hungary c. France d. Spain e. Britain
e. Britain
What was the political impact of Calvinism? Select one: a. Calvinist doctrine held that kings should appoint bishops and local priests. b. Due to the location of the center of Calvinism in Switzerland, most governments that accepted the new religion were city-states. c. Because of the insistence of Calvinism of the acceptance of a single ecclesiastical authority, Calvinism spread rapidly among the absolute monarchies. d. Calvinism was regarded as so potentially revolutionary that it failed to find a foothold outside of Germany. e. Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which encouraged the idea of a wider access to government.
e. Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which encouraged the idea of a wider access to government.
Adam Smith's economic theory advocated Select one: a. the institution of state-controlled guilds to fix standards of production and wages. b. government intervention in order to control the flow of bullion through extensive tariff systems. c. that governments should allocate labor and capital whenever they engaged in warfare. d. the use of a controlled money supply as a means of limiting inflation. e. that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces.
e. that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces.
What monarch is associated with the establishment of enlightened despotism in Prussia in the middle of the 18th century? Select one: a. William III b. Charles VI c. Joseph II d. Maria Teresa e. Frederick the Great
e. Frederick the Great
As part of the "Colombian Exchange," which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas? Select one: a. Potatoes b. Raw materials c. Bullion d. Corn e. Horses
e. Horses
What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation? Select one: a. Calvinists b. Cistercians c. Franciscans d. Benedictines e. Jesuits
e. Jesuits
What was the European-style family pattern that emerged in the 15th century? Select one: a. Nuclear families, early marriage ages b. Extended families, marriage optional c. Extended families, early marriage ages d. Extended families, late marriage ages e. Nuclear families, late marriage ages
e. Nuclear families, late marriage ages
What is the most accepted figure for the percentage of the population of American Indians who died following the European colonization? Select one: a. Over 25 percent b. Less than 10 percent c. Over 15 percent d. Over 33 percent e. Over 50 percent
e. Over 50 percent
What noble was responsible for initiating a series of expeditions along the African coast and outward to the Azores in the 15th century? Select one: a. Prince Henry of England b. Cardinal Mazarin, regent of France c. Duke of Saxony d. Hugh Dupuy, Count Marechal e. Prince Henry the Navigator
e. Prince Henry the Navigator
Which of the following lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence? Select one: a. Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment b. Absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation c. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy d. Absolute monarchy, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation, Renaissance e. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment
e. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment
The British were able to oust the French from Canada following the Select one: a. battle of Manzikert. b. Sepoy rebellion. c. Taipei rebellion. d. Battle of Algiers. e. Seven Years War.
e. Seven Years War.
In what region of the world did the Dutch challenge the Portuguese for commercial dominance? Select one: a. Brazil b. Scandinavia c. Mesoamerica d. India e. Southeast Asia
e. Southeast Asia
What British commercial institution ruled India for much of the 18th century? Select one: a. The Raj Trading Company b. The Calcutta and Madras Limited c. The British Tea and Spice Company d. Lloyd's Bank e. The British East India Company
e. The British East India Company
How did the Western view of science compare with that of other civilizations? Select one: a. In the West, science was seen as separate from religion leading to a more religious outlook in the long run. b. In China, science was based on practical, empirical advances. c. The West was the only civilization to develop scientific and technological expertise. d. Islam remained vastly ahead of the West in terms of scientific knowledge, despite the clear advances made during the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. e. The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life.
e. The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life.
John Harvey was responsible for what discovery during the Scientific Revolution Select one: a. The mathematical formulae for gravity b. The mathematical calculus c. Oxygen and its role in breathing d. Radiation of heat by fire and the sun e. The circular movement of blood in animals
e. The circular movement of blood in animals
As a result of what treaty did the French lose their colony in North America to the British? Select one: a. Treaty of Ryswick, 1705 b. Treaty of Utrecht, 1714 c. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 d. Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 e. Treaty of Paris, 1763
e. Treaty of Paris, 1763
The captain of the first Portuguese fleet to reach India was Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan. b. Amerigo Vespucci. c. Panfilo de Narvaez. d. Christopher Columbus. e. Vasco da Gama.
e. Vasco da Gama.
What was the nature of the trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17th century? Select one: a. Eastern Europe emerged as a powerful challenger to Western domination of the global commercial network. b. Eastern and western Europe remained economically isolated, as Russia, Poland, and Prussia extended their trade relationships with the Ottoman Empire. c. The inability of eastern Europe to produce anything of value to the West frustrated attempts to establish trading connections between the two halves of Europe. d. Eastern Europe provided a trade route for Asian goods because of the role Moscow played as a trade nexus. e. Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods.
e. Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods.
By 1750, the strands of commercial, cultural, and political changes in Europe had combined to create Select one: a. proof of the innate superiority of Western civilization. b. rapid adaptation not found in other civilizations. c. a truly socialistic society based on Marxian principles. d. an unstable political environment that would eventually regress backwards. e. an unusual version of an agricultural civilization.
e. an unusual version of an agricultural civilization.
The dominant commercial nations of northern Europe made up the ________ zone of the world economy. Select one: a. free trade b. dependent c. negative trade d. peripheral e. core
e. core
Inflation and commercialization in the West produced a group of people without access to producing property called the Select one: a. bourgeoisie. b. gentry. c. sans culottes. d. provenςales. e. proletariat.
e. proletariat.
In 1733, John Kay of England introduced Select one: a. the potato to European agriculture. b. double-entry bookkeeping to western Europe. c. the steam engine. d. the cotton gin. e. the flying shuttle to automate weaving.
e. the flying shuttle to automate weaving.
Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for Select one: a. the defeat of the Catholic forces during the Thirty Years War. b. the unification of the Holy Roman Empire in 1537. c. the split that occurred in the Catholic church in the late 1500s. d. the construction of Wittenberg cathedral during the 15th century. e. the invention of movable type in the West.
e. the invention of movable type in the West.
