Chapter 16 Hole The Lymphatic System and Immunity
lymph nodes range in diameter from a) 1nm to 10nm b) 1 inch to 2 inches c) 1mm to 25mm d) 1cm to 25cm e) 1cm to 1 inch
c) 1mm to 25mm
if the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of a) b lymphocytes b) NK cells c) T cells d) neutrophils e) NK cells and T cells
c) T cells
inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are a) immunodeficiency diseases b) autoimmune diseases c) allergies d) the result of stress e) signs of weak system
c) allergies
the classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to a) the cell wall of bacteria b) the plasma membrane of bacteria c) an antibody attached to an antigen d) a cell surface antigen e) a plasma protein
c) an antibody attached to an antigen
newborns gain their immunity initially from a) early immunizations b) contact with viruses and bacteria c) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother d) contact with siblings e) breast milk
c) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother
autoantibodies a) are produced by activated T cells b) are produced during an allergic reaction c) are directed against the body's own antigens d) are the first step in immunological competence e) are important in tissue rejection reactions
c) are directed against the body's own antigens
the primary function of the lymphoid system is a) circulation of nutrients b) the transport of hormones c) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats d) the production and distribution of plasma proteins e) both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins
c) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats
the thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called
cisterna chyli
compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they a) have no basement membrane b) are larger in diameter c) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles d) are smaller in diameter e) are frequently irregular in shape
d) are smaller in diameter
the medulla of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells a) cytotoxic t b) medulla c) NK d) B e) cordal
d) b lymphocytes
suppressor T cells act to a) suppress antigens b) erase memory t cells c) limit antigen proliferation d) inhibit t and b cell activites e) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity
d) inhibit t and b cell activites
a sample of john's blood shows a high level of pyrogens this would indicate that john a) is feeling achy b) is producing t lymphocytes c) has a sore throat d) is running a fever e) has swollen lymph nodes
d) is running a fever
which of these is not a property of AIDs? a) it kills at least 17,000 people per year in the United States b) it is spread most often through sexual contact c) it attacks the t helper (CD4) cells d) it is declining world wide e) it is almost always eventually fatal
d) it is declining world wide
inflammation produces localized a) swelling b) redness c) heat d) pain e) all of the above
e) all of the above
the body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except a) the skin b) complement c) interferon d) inflammation e) b and t cells
e) b and t cells
the lymphocytes are most important in a) helping maintain normal blood volume b) transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes c) eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid d) transporting lipids from the digestive tract e) fighting infection
e) fighting infection
lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except a) the thymus b) lymphoid nodules c) lymph node organs d) the spleen e) the brain
e) the brain
immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ______ immunity a) active b) naturally acquired passive c) passive d) auto e) innate
naturally acquired passive
lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the a) CNS b) periphery c) renal arteries d) groin e) throat
a) CNS
immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as salvia and tears are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM
a) IgA
during a primary immune response the a) igM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer b) IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer c) IgM titer and the IgG titer rise in parallel
a) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgM titer.
the cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells a) NK b) plasma c) B d) helper T e) suppressor t
a) NK
all of the following are true of the thymus gland, except that it a) activates b cells b) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty c) involutes after puberty d) produces T cells e) lies in the anterior mediastinum
a) activates b cells
which of the following statements about MHC proteins is not true a) bind complement b) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells c) function in antigen presentation d) fall into two major classes e) are found on all nucleated cells
a) bind complement
stem cells that will form t cells develop in the a) bone marrow b) liver c) spleen d) thymus e) kidneys
a) bone marrow
destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except by a) helper t cells b) cytotoxic t cells c) antibody actions d) macrophages e) complement system
a) helper t cells
the white pulp of the spleen is populated by a) lymphocytes b( trabeculae c) arteries d) veins e) fibrous connective tissue
a) lymphocytes
immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called _______ immunity a) naturally acquired active b) natural passive c) passive d) auto e) innate
a) naturally acquired active
in general, lymphocytes a) spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue b) have relatively long life spans c) have one nucleus d) all of the above e) none of the above
a) spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue
the merging of _____ forms the right lymphatic duct a) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks b) the left jugular, right sublclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks c) two great vessels d) the throacic and mediastinal ducts e) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts
a) the right jugular, right sublcavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
_________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx a) tonsils b) peyers patches c) lymph nodes d) immune complexes e) spleens
a) tonsils
each igG has _______ binding site(s) for attachment to antigenic determinants a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8 e) 10
b) 2
if the disulfied bonds in IgG were broken, how many protein chains would be set free? a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8 e) 12
b) 4
fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than a) 37.2 C b) 99 F c) 98.6 F d) 37.2 c or 98.6 F e) 37.2 C or 99 F
b) 99f
the cells responsible for antibody0mediated immunity are the ______ cells a) NK b) B c) helper T d) cytotoxic t e) suppressor t
b) B
immunoglobins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM
b) IgD
the cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the _______ cell a) B b) T c) plasma d) nodule e) NK
b) T
lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with a) hyaline cartilage b) blood vessels c) adipose tissue d) sensory nerve endings e) both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue
b) blood vessels
histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. this would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except a) redness of the inflamed tissue b) chemotaxis of phagocytes c) heat of the inflamed tissue d) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space e) swelling of the inflamed tissue
b) chemotaxis of phagocytes
Helper t cells do all of the following, except a) activate sensitized b cells by costimulation b) destroy target cells using perforins c) enhance cell-mediated immunity d) secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells e) enhance antibody-mediated immunity
b) destroy target cells using perforins
which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? a) t lymphocytes b) free and fixed macrophages c) b lymphocytes d) neutrophils e) red blood cells
b) free and fixed macrophages
dividing lymphocytes can be found in the _______ of the lymphoid nodule a) trabeculae b) germinal center c) afferent lymphatics d) all of the above e) none of the above
b) germinal center
when an antigen is bound to a class II MHC protein, it can activate a ____ cell a) plasma b) helper t c) NK d) suppressor T e) cytotoxic T
b) helper t
class II MCH proteins are present in the plasma membrane only a) when plasma cells are releasing antibodies b) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes c) when cytotoxic t cells are inhibited d) when NK cells are activated e) during infections
b) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
various types of macrophages are derived from a) lymphocytes b) monocytes c) neutrophils d) eosinophils e) basophils
b) monocytes
the cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are _______ cells a) nk b) plasma c) helper t d) thymus e) liver
b) plasma
the release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin -1) by active macrophages would a) cause inflammation b) produce a fever c) activate complement d) opsonize pathogens e) activate antibodies
b) produce a fever
the thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the follwing regions, except the a) left breast b) right breast c) left arm and shoulder d) pelvic viscera e) left side of neck
b) right breast
defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by a) non specific immunity b) specific immunity c) immunological surveillance d) Skin defenses e) fever
b) specific immunity
the lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except a)lymphatic vessels b) the venae cavae c) the spleen d) lymph nodes e) lymph
b) the venae cavae
most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the a) right lymphatic duct b) thoracic duct c) cisterna chyli d) hepatic portal vein e) dural sinus
b) thoracic duct
T is to ______ as B is to _____ a) top; bottom b) thymus dependent; bone marrow-derived c) thyroid; bowel d) non-thymus-dependent; bottom e) none of the above
b) thymus dependent; bone marrow-derived
immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM
d) IgG
the most abundant type of antibody is a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM
d) IgG
_________ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen a) IgG b) IgE c) IgD d) IgM e) IgA
d) IgM
cytotoxic t cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons a) secrete strong acid b) secrete organic solvent c) secrete free radicals d) activate genes that trigger apoptosis e) secrete mutant proteins
d) activate genes that trigger apoptosis
the binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in a) neutralization of the antigen b) agglutination or precipitation c) complement activation and opsonization d) all of the above e) none of the above
d) all of the above
the role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to a) activate t cells b) displace antigen fragments c) process antigens d) all of the above e) none of the above
d) all of the above
each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except a) body air b) epithelium c) secretions d) complement e) basement membranes
d) complement
lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ______ cells a) B b) plasma c) helper T d) cytotoxic T e) suppressor T
d) cytotoxic T
the cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the _____ cells a) B b) plasma c) helper t d) cytotoxic t e) suppressor t
d) cytotoxic t
when an antigen is bound to a class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ______ cell a) B b) plasma c) helper t d) cytotoxic t e) NK
d) cytotoxic t
before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must a) infect cells b) be processed by a phagocyte c) bind to the DNA of they lymphocyte d) depolarize the lymphocyte e) either infect cells or be processed by a phagoccyte
d) depolarize the lymphocyte
t cells and b cells can be activated only by a) pathogens b) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors c) cells infected with viruses, bacteria or cancer cells d) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane e) disease-causing agents
d) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane
the various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the bases of thier a) asymmetry b) antigen specifity c) light-chain variable segments d) heavy-chain constant segments e) both light chain variable segments and heavy chain constant segments
d) heavy-chain constant segments
the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ____ cells a) B b) plasma c) cytotoxic t d) helper t e) suppressor t
d) helper t
class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following a) all body cells with a nucleus b) red blood cells c) granulocytes and microphages d) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells e) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen
d) lymphocytes ad antigen-presenting cells
which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false a) lymph enters in a afferent lymphatic b) lymph first enters in the subcapsular space c) lymph flows past dendritic cells d) the efferent lymphatic exits at the hilium e) the afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum
e) the afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum
immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called________ immunity a) active b) natural passive c) passive d) auto e) innate
e) innate
specific defenses depend on the activites of a) monocytes b) leukocytes c) agranulocytes d) erythrocytes e) lymphocytes
e) lymphocytes
lymphocyte production involves a) bone marrow b) thymus tissue c) peripheral lymphoid tissues d) all of the above e) none of the above
e) none of the above
lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they a) produce antibodies b) monitor the contents of lymph c) remove debris and pathogens from lymph d) detect pathogens e) remove excess nutrients from the lymph
e) remove excess nutrients from the lymph
________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes
lymphatic tissues
cells that help regulate the antibody -mediated immune response are ______ cells a) b b) plasma ç) helper t d) cytotoxic t e) Nk
ç) helper t
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. the results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG antimumps titer. this ould indicate the person a) has just recovered from mumps b) was recently infected with mumps c) is allergic to mumps d) is immune to mumps e) is relying on passive immunity
b) was recently infected with mumps
immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM
c) IgE
B cells are primarily activated by the activites of a) antigens b) antibodies c) helper t cells d) macrophages e) plasma cells
c) helper t cells
the effects of activation the complement system include all of the following, except a) destruction of target cell plasma membranes b) stimulation of inflammation c) inhibition of the immune response d) enhanced phagocytosis e) histamine release
c) inhibition of the immune response
infection with the HIV virus occurs through a) eating contaminated food b) airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes c) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids d) casual contact with an infected individual e) sharing clothes with an infected individual
c) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids
all of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity,except that a) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate b cell b) it requries b cell differentiation into plasma cells c) it is delayed by the memory cell stage d) circulating antibodies undgergo a gradual, sustained rise e) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure
c) it is delayed by the memory cell stage
an inflammatory response is triggered when a) red blood cells release pyrogens b) t cells release interferon c) mast cells release histamine and heparin d) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria e) blood flow to an area increases
c) mast cells release histamine and heparin
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. these antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. this is an example of a) innate immunity b) active immunization c) passive immunity d) natural immunity e) alloimmunity
c) passive immunity
_________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine a) tonsils b) adenoids c) peyers patches d) immune complexes e) lymph glands
c) peyers patches
lymphocytes a) are all actively phagocytic b) destroy red blood cells c) respond to antigens d) are primarily found in red bone marrow e) decrease in number during infection
c) respond to antigens
Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. this would indicate that a) the focus of the infection is the lymph glands b) lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands c) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes d) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes e) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin
c) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes
lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way a) they contain t lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not b) they are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax c) they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not d) they cannot produce antibodies, where as lymphoid tissues can e) none of the above
c) they are surrounded by a vibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not
areas of the slpeen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as a) peyer's patches b) adenoids c) white pulp d) red pulp e) lymph nodes
c) white pulp
during a primary humoral response to antigens, all of the following occur, except a) the antigen must activate appropriate B cells b) b cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells c) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances e) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM Type
d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
the first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the a) t cells b) b cells c) nk cells d) phagocytes e) plasma cells
d) phagocytes
the largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the a) liver b) thymus c) tonsils d) spleen e) lymph nodes
d) spleen
a crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA- type antibody. This fluid is probably a) blood b) lymph c) serum d) tears e) interstitial
d) tears
in IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by a) the variable segment of the light chain b) the variable segment of the heavy chain c) the constant segment of the heavy chain d) the variable segment of the light chain + the variable segment of the heavy chain e) the variable segment of the light chain + the constant segment of the heavy chain
d) the variable segment o the light chain + the variable segment of the heavy chain
plasma contains ________ special complement proteins that form the complement system a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 9 e) 11
e) 11
immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM
e) IgM
characteristics of specific defenses include a) versatility b) tolerance c) memory d) specificity e) all of the above
e) all of the above
lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs? a) tonsils b) spleen c) lymph nodes d) thymus e) all of the above
e) all of the above
non specific defenses include a) phagocytic cells b) physical barriers c) inflammation d) interferons e) all of the above
e) all of the above
in passive immunity, the a) immune system attacks normal body cells b( body is deliberately exposed to an antigen c) body receives antibodies produced by other humans d) body receives antibodies produced by an animal e) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal
e) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal
all of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except that it a) depends on memory b cells b) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response c) results in much quizker rise in antibody titers d) produces igG antibodies e) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two
e) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two
examples of physical barriers against pathogens include a) sebaceous glands b) mucus c) epithelia d) epidermal layers e) all of the above
e_ all of the above
