Chapter 16 Homework

D) testosterone

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? A) thyroxine B) growth hormone C) oxytocin D) testosterone

E) plasma membrane receptors Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. A) adenylate cyclase B) cytoplasmic receptors C) protein kinases D) cAMP

C) hormonal stimuli

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? A) humoral stimuli B) neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) C) hormonal stimuli D) All of the listed responses are correct.

C) synergism

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? A) antagonism B) permissiveness C) synergism D) summation

B) growth hormone (GH)

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image? A) aldosterone B) growth hormone (GH) C) thyroid hormones (TH) D) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A) phosphodiesterase The increase in cAMP levels is usually short-lived because the enzyme phosphodiesterase is constantly present in the cytoplasm of the target cells.

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? A) phosphodiesterase B) protein kinase C) adenylate cyclase D) G protein

D) insulin/glucagon Insulin decreases blood sugar while glucagon raises blood sugar.

Which of the following exhibits an antagonistic relationship? A) PTH/aldosterone B) TSH/thyroxin C) renin/ANP D) insulin/glucagon

C) parathyroid

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? A) thyroid B) adrenal C) parathyroid D) pituitary

D) antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload.

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? A) oxytocin B) follicle-stimulating hormone C) thyroid-stimulating hormone D) antidiuretic hormone

A) Phosphorylate proteins. Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone.

What is the role of activated protein kinases? A) Phosphorylate proteins. B) Degrade cAMP to AMP. C) Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. D) Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. E) Activate adenylate cyclase.

C) cells of the body

What is the target organ of thyroid hormones' metabolic effects? A) anterior pituitary B) hypothalamus C) cells of the body D) thyroid

C) iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released Follicular cells prepare thyroglobulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follicle. This material is stored in the follicle until thyroid hormone is needed by the body.

What material is stored in the thyroid follicles? A) enzymes that produce thyroglobulin B) pure iodine, so the thyroid has a constant supply C) iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be released D) thyroid hormones, ready to be immediately released

D) follicular cells

What type of cell is shown at letter C? A) beta cells B) parathyroid cells C) parafollicular cells D) follicular cells

B) humoral The parathyroid is stimulated by the actual level of calcium in the blood rather than by neural or hormonal stimulus.

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? A) neural B) humoral C) paracrine D) hormonal

C) The pancreas releases insulin.

When blood glucose levels are high A) The liver releases glucagon. B) The pancreas releases glucose. C) The pancreas releases insulin. D) The pancreas releases glucagon. E) The liver releases insulin.

C) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are low A) Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. B) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. C) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. D) The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. E) The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

C The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored? A B C D

D) hypothalamus

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? A) anterior pituitary B) posterior pituitary C) follicular cells of the thyroid gland D) hypothalamus

B) aldosterone Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone regulate sodium and potassium metabolism and fluid balance.

Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels? A) cortisol B) aldosterone C) thyroxine D) insulin

C) synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources The term genesis means "to create," and neo means "new," so this term literally means "to create new sugar."

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? A) creation of glycogen from glucose B) conversion of glucose to fat C) synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources D) breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A) Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells. Insulin binds to receptor proteins in most body cells and allows membrane transport of glucose into these cells.

Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin? A) Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells. B) Insulin encourages catabolism of glycogen into glucose. C) Insulin encourages synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules. D) Insulin encourages release of glucose into the blood by liver cells.

D) hypothalamus

Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged? A) cerebrum B) pons C) cerebellum D) hypothalamus

C) adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors.

Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress? A) thyroid-stimulating hormone B) prolactin C) adrenocorticotropic hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone

C) thyroid-stimulating hormone

Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone? A) prolactin B) follicle-stimulating hormone C) thyroid-stimulating hormone D) adrenocorticotropic hormone

A) enzymatic

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? A) enzymatic B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal

C) adenoid Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids and are lymphoid tissue, not endocrine glands.

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? A) pituitary B) thyroid C) adenoid D) adrenal

A) regular cardiovascular exercise

Which of the following is NOT believed to be linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)? A) regular cardiovascular exercise B) weight gain C) predisposing genetic factors D) poor diet

A) intracellular receptors

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of water-soluble hormones? A) intracellular receptors B) free in plasma C) act through second messengers D) short half-life in blood

C) They have ducts.

Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands? A) They produce hormones. B) They drain into blood vessels. C) They have ducts. D) They drain into lymph vessels.

A) zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? A) zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids B) medulla: glucocorticoids C) zona fasciculata: catecholemines D) zona reticularis: aldosterone

D) a decrease in blood glucose levels Glucagon acts to stimulate release of glucose into the blood to counteract falling levels.

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? A) hyperglycemia B) release of insulin C) somatostatin D) a decrease in blood glucose levels

B) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

A liver cell responds to insulin by A) Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. B) Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. C) Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. D) Releasing glucagon. E) Releasing insulin.

Second Messenger cAMP

Activated protein kinases can then phosphorylate a variety of intracellular proteins to elicit the cell's response to the hormone.

B The receptor-hormone complex has formed and is about to enter the nucleus.

At which point has the hormone bound to its intracellular receptor but not yet entered the nucleus? A B C D

A) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

Body cells that respond to insulin include A) Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. B) Liver cells and muscle cells only. C) Intestinal cells only. D) Muscle cells only. E) Liver cells only.

D) hormones

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) antibodies B) enzymes C) proteins D) hormones

A) phosphodiesterase Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP.

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. A) phosphodiesterase B) adenylate cyclase C) G proteins D) AMP E) protein kinase

C) Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? A) Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. B) Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. C) Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. D) Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. E) Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells.

D

Identify the pancreas. A B C D

A

Identify the thyroid gland. A B C D

D) cAMP in the cytoplasm Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. A) adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane B) water-soluble hormone in the blood plasma membrane receptors C) phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm D) cAMP in the cytoplasm

D) increased insulin resistance

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an absolute insulin deficiency resulting from insulin hyposecretion and requires insulin replacement therapy. Which of the following conditions would NOT be associated with this particular disorder? A) loss of beta-islet cells B) destruction of beta-islet cells C) absence of beta-islet cells D) increased insulin resistance

D) insuilin The inability to produce sufficient insulin or a reduced ability of insulin to bind to its receptors results in high levels of blood glucose. This leads to an increase in glucose in the copious urine produced by those with this disease

Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)? A) glucagon B) aldosterone C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) insulin

B) hypothalamus The hypothalamus contains nuclei that produce hormones that are then secreted into the blood in the pituitary gland.

What area of the brain is designated by letter A? A) limbic system B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) pineal gland

C) Liver cells

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? A) Muscle cells. B) Intestinal cells. C) Liver cells D) Cells in the pancreas. E) Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.

B) anterior pituitary

What gland secretes growth hormone? A) posterior pituitary B) anterior pituitary C) adrenal cortex D) thyroid gland

C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) oxytocin C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) cortisol

C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tropic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland.

What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? A) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) B) angiotensin II C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A) tropins

What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs? A) tropins B) somatostatins C) somatotropins D) growth hormones

D) A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney. A drop in blood pressure would cause the kidney to release renin, a hormone that will eventually promote the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands? A) An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart. B) Blood potassium levels fall. C) The body becomes parasympathetically activated. D) A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.

C The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulates mineral levels in the body, along with other functions.

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A B C D

B) A would release less TRH.

Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones? A) More thyroid hormone would be produced. B) A would release less TRH. C) B would release more TSH. D) The thyroid would swell and produce a goiter.