Chapter 16 World History Quiz

Brazil's answer to Spanish-American silver was

cane sugar

Once it became clear that the Spanish were only after gold and captive laborers, the Mapuche

captured, killed, and ate portions of conquistador Valdivia's corpse in a great public ceremony

European merchants hoped to ___________ by sailing directly to Asia to obtain spices.

cut out the mostly Islamic middlemen in the Indian Ocean and eastern Mediterranean

In the lands around the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese sought to

dominate the existing maritime Asian trade

The purpose of Mapuche cannibalism was to

terrorize the enemy

Evidence suggests that throughout the Americas and Pacific Islands, indigenous populations declined by almost _____ percent within a century of the Europeans' arrival.

90

The first inhabited group of islands encountered by Portuguese explorers and ultimately colonized by Spain was the

Canaries

The massive interoceanic transfer of animals (including humans), plants, and diseases that followed Europeans' arrival in the Americas is known as the ____________ Exchange.

Columbian

The Aztecs launched a siege of Spanish forces at Tenochtitlán when

Cortés left the city to negotiate with soldiers sent by the Cuban governor to arrest him

Most native American converts to Catholicism adopted the Christian God

as a new addition to an already crowded pantheon

The world's first truly global maritime empire was forged by

Portugal

In 1545, the most concentrated silver deposit ever discovered was found at

Potosí

The first European to reach India by sea was

Vasco da Gama

Most indigenous peoples

adapted to Spanish laws and civic traditions but resisted total conversion to Catholicism

After Queen Isabella demanded an end to Amerindian slavery, a compromise system developed, known as

encomienda

Which of the following was NOT part of Spain's standard operating procedure in their overseas conduct?

focusing on controlling ports above all else

Early Spanish colonization was focused on

gold and slaves

As Europeans began to set sail on longer voyages, they employed innovations in three technological spheres:

gun making, shipbuilding, and navigation

After the Inca gathered an enormous ransom to buy the freedom of Atawallpa,

he was killed on Pizarro's orders

Forty percent of all

slaves transported across the Atlantic went to Brazil

The French colony at Guanabara Bay in Brazil was doomed by

religious division

When the demands for food, gold, and sexual companionship made by members of Columbus's crew were not met by the Taino they met in the Caribbean,

the Europeans turned violent

Virtually all European ships until the early nineteenth century were based on early models that combined features of

the Roman-style galley and North Sea ships

Which of the following did the Mapuche NOT adopt from the Spanish?

the Spanish style of warfare

After mostly neglecting Brazil for the century after reaching it, the Portuguese were forced to pay the colony additional attention because of

the arrival of French traders and religious refugees

The invention that proved most critical for long-distance maritime travel was

the astrolabe

Most historians agree that the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires resulted from

the convergence of many variables

The pretext used by Europeans to take over Western-style functions of government in the "New World" was

the reported presence of cannibals

Spanish-American mine owners were forced to pay wages because

they could not draft enough workers through the mita system

Sugar planters in Brazil chose to "use up" their laborers because

they had direct access to more slaves at relatively low cost