Exam 3 psych
John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?
70
Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans
anxiety disorders
The technical definition of a reinforcer is:
any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again
Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?
attention, retention, initiation, motivation
In the classic study by Hartshorne, May, Maller, and Shuttleworth (1928), the authors found that if they varied the situation, they could get children to behave honestly or dishonestly depending on the situation. This study supports the belief that ______.
children's ethical behavior depends on the situation
Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to:
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it.
elicited; before
The effects that one's emotions have on other people refer to the _________ functions of emotions.
interpersonal
The fact that you now smell milk before drinking it after accidentally drinking a cup of spoiled milk several months ago demonstrates how emotions can
motivate future behaviors.
When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:
rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others
Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures?
IQ tests have become progressively easier over time.
Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?
In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.
Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place.
social models
Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?
spontaneous recovery
When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:
taste aversion
In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:
the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus
As you consider how emotions function at the level of culture, which of the following flows naturally and immediately from the fact that societies are complex?
there is a need for social order
Emotions serve a cultural function. One such function is
to guide how people ought to feel in various situations
Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I?
verbal comprehension
Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following?
Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes
The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:
B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems?
Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.
When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:
Fear may undermine their performance.
This person was among those who pioneered psychological measurement. Among other contributions, he was possibly the first to popularize the notion that the heritability of psychological traits could be assessed by looking at identical and fraternal twins.
Francis Galton
The "law of effect" states:
Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.
The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by:
Binet, who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection
In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred?
Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette.
In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?
In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.
Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?
It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.
___________ is the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards.
Need for achievement
Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective:
People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores.
Walter Mischel (1968, 2009) pointed out this apparent fact about the predictability of individuals' behavior through personality tests:
People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average behavior across many situations.
The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?
Reinforcer devaluation effect
Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she's going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word "psychology" (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word "psychology." According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily's sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology?
Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus
Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?
The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.
What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model?
The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.
Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect?
The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.
The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:
They have a theory of mind.
Walter Mischel was an important figure in the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists. What was Mischel's side of the argument?
Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations
According to the Flynn Effect, which of the following would be the most accurate prediction about intelligence?
When Chris takes a test of intelligence and his grandson Abraham takes an equivalent test 50 years later, Abraham will have a higher score.
Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed.
When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced
A Pavlovian conditioned response elicits:
a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed
In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when:
aggressive models were punished
Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in?
agreeableness
Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning?
best friends
In general:
both a and c: Males and females are essentially the same in their distribution of IQ scores. Women score higher than men in verbal abilities.
In Bandura's famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:
children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable
In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally?
conditioned
When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?
conditioned compensatory responses
Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the:
conditioned stimulus
The night before a midterm exam, Kurt is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
conscientiousness
What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits?
consistency, stability, and individual differences
A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types.
continuous distributions
John is a Canadian having dinner with his friends from China. He openly shows both his enthusiasm and his anger about various topics as they speak. John notices that his friends smile and nod but that they do not display strong emotions. This is an example of ________
cultural influence on emotion norms
As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________.
declines
The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.
discriminative
When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?
emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness
David is happy and optimistic. He enjoys being around other people and participating in extreme sports like skydiving and bungee jumping. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
extraversion
Researchers had an infant crawl toward their mother across a table, and then the mother was instructed to make a face expressing a specific emotion. The response of the infants demonstrated an awareness of the mothers' emotions. Which emotional expression led to the child refusing to crawl to her in all instances?
fear
Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal.
goal-directed
According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.
growth
Knowing Paige is extremely high in Extraversion does not help predict her scores on Neuroticism. This is because scores within the Five-Factor Model are mostly ___________, where two traits are separate from one another. Thus, in the Five-Factor Model, you need five scores to describe most of an individual's personality.
independent
Crystallized Intelligence is to Fluid Intelligence:
information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations
Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?
interpersonal
Marlon has found that when he gets sad, his girlfriend becomes particularly nurturing and tries to take care of him. While he does not particularly want to feel these emotions, the response it draws from his girlfriend demonstrates the ________ function of emotions.
interpersonal
When Christa gets angry, she gets motivated to become productive so that whatever is making her angry can be overcome. She also notices that whenever she is angry she gets very warm and starts to perspire excessively. These psychological and physical changes demonstrate the ________ functions of an emotion.
intrapersonal
One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality
is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to
Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people
lexical hypothesis
If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?
negative punishment.
Kelly is grounded by her father, until she sits down and completes an important homework assignment. Which technique has her father used to try to alter her behavior?
negative reinforcement.
Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?
neuroticism
Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are:
normed
A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in
observational learning
Hammond likes his daily routine that involves eating the same breakfast while reading the newspaper, and taking the same route to work. Every year he vacations at his favorite beach resort. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?
openness
Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
openness
Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of:
positive punishment
Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:
positive reinforcement
Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________.
preparedness
According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise
quantitative
According to the _________ law of effect, David is less likely to turn to drugs, sex, or alcohol for reinforcement since he has plenty of other sources of reinforcement such as good grades, soccer team wins, and parental praise.
quantitative
The process by which we look to other people to get information about how to feel in specific situations is called social ________.
referencing
Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________.
reinforcers; punishers
What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context?
renewal effect
When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:
say the same things and do what they observed the adults did
Which of the following is one of the physical responses that are immediately inspired by an emotional experience?
shutting down of unneeded digestive processes
When she notices that her girlfriend, Ellana, seems particularly quiet, Bess starts gently asking her what is wrong. After a while Ellana shares that she is having some problems in their relationship and this leads to a very constructive conversation about how things can be improved. This demonstrates the way that emotions can have ________ that elicits actions from others.
signal value
Young Lilah is taken to a family dinner and she meets an uncle who she has never met before. As he reaches to her for a hug, Lilah looks to her mother with an uncertain look on her face. As she sees her mother nodding and smiling, Lilah looks back to the uncle and gives him a warm hug. Lilah has used ________ to determine how to act in this situation
social referencing
Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena?
stereotype threat
Pin-ya raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control.
stimulus
Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:
test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs
When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what?
the change in context
In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when:
the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect
If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:
the tone, but not the light
Our emotions are influenced, in part, by our cultures. Culture provides information about which emotions it is ideal to have. How do people learn these cultural messages?
they are taught to us by our caregivers and through books, movies, advertisements and other cultural products.
In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:
to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet
Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?
vicarious reinforcement
