Public Based Health Exam #1

What assessment questions are asked for a PHN?

-What are the major health problem? -What populations are at risk? -What services are available?

Florence Nightingale in PHN

-a strong supporter of nursing care in the home -widely known for work in Crimean war -correlating living conditions with diseases -worked with the poor -strong advocate for policy changes to improve health conditions

4. Social Determinants of Health

-conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age which shape their health status -obligation to actively identify and reach out to all who might benefit

Secondary Prevention

-early detection and treatment of problems -target population that have risk factors in common -keep problems from causing serious or long-term effects.

Social Determinants of Health Examples

-education -discrimination and social support -income -housing status -food status

Lilian Wald and Mary Brewster

-established visiting nurse services and school nursing -American red cross' town and county nursing service -metropolitan life insurance provided visiting nurses to policy holders -Federal Children's Bureau- child labor laws -national organization for public health nursing

Assessment of Community Health

-include working with the client as an equal partner -collaborations with other professions, populations, organizations, is effective way to promote and protect the health of people -optimal use of available resources

Tertiary Prevention

-keeps existing problems from getting worse: prevents complications -targets populations who have experienced disease -restore individual to their optimal level of functioning

Other Foundational cornerstones of Public Health Nursing

-practice is relationship-based -committed to long-term health promotion, maintenance, and prevention -independent nursing functions as outlined in the NPA

Primary Prevention

-promotes health -keeps problems from occurring in the first place

Policy Development

-using scientific knowledge to develop comprehensive public health policies -An open process, including all private and public sectors by communicating, networking & building Constituencies

What is population-focused practice?

1. An entire population 2. an assessment of community health 3. broad determinants of health 4. all levels of prevention 5. all levels of practice

Community focused examples

-PHN coordinates youth-led and adult-supported social marketing campaigns to change the community norms regarding adolescents' tobacco use

Individuals-family focused examples

-PHN teaches middle school health classes -goal is to increase knowledge about the risks of smoking, change attitudes toward tobacco use, and improve refusal skills among youth 12 to 14 years old

Which interventions at the SYSTEMS level includes the creation of needed resources that are lacking? A. Referral & follow up B. Case management C. Delegated functions

A & B

What is a population?

A collection of people who share one of more personal or environment characteristics

Which of the following are communities? a. the city of grand forks b. UND nursing students c. members of an online support group d. all children with a parent in jail e. teens in a drama club

A, B, C, E

A community health nurse is planning to implement health programs with several populations in the local areas. Which of the following would be considered secondary prevention? (Select all that apply.) A. Reviewing colonoscopy screening guidelines at a community center B. Implementing a program to notify individuals exposed to a communicable disease C. Teaching health nutrition to clients who have hypertension D. Providing influenza immunizations to employees at a local preschool E. Performing a

A,B,E

Which objective is SPECIFIC and MEASURABLE? A.80% of students will correctly state 2 ways to prevent FAS B. All students will learn about FAS

A. 80% of students will correctly state 2 ways to prevent FAS

The systematic collection, analysis, and monitoring of health problems and needs refer to which core function of public health? a. Assessment b. assurance c. policy development

A. Assessment

Who is more likely to be living in poverty? a. child b. young adult c. middle-aged adult d. older adult

A. Child

Which of the following interventions "involves sharing information and experiences through educational activities designed to improve health knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills" A. Health teaching B. Consultation C. Case management D. counseling

A. Health teaching

Match the Logic Model part to the description that best defines it. What we do and the people we reach, the direct product the activities The intended results or benefits of the planned intervention that should be measurable, realistic, reasonable and significant Items needed and available for the program, such as human resources, financial resources, equipment, institutional resources and community resources The overall goal producing long term change, which may involve improved economic, s

A. Outputs D. Outcomes C. Inputs B. Impact

Which of the following is used to determine financial eligibility for certain programs? a. poverty guidelines b. poverty thresholds c. poverty levels

A. Poverty guidelines

Your instructor asks you to 'list' 3 methods of teaching clients about vaccines. Which level of Bloom's taxonomy is this? A. Remembering/knowledge B. Understanding/Comprehension C. Application D. analysis C. evaluating

A. Remembering/knowledge

What is one of the FIRST steps in developing a teaching plan once a need has been identified? a. analyze or assess the learner b. state objectives c. select materials d. evaluating the teaching plan

A. analyze or assess the learner

Which community assessment step comes after gathering primary data? a. analyzing the data b. obtaining secondary data c. making recommendations d. defining the community

A. analyzing the data

Which of the following consists of interviewing a group of people with similar experiences or backgrounds who meet to discuss a topic of interest? a. focus group b. photo voice c. key informant interviews d. community survey

A. focus

Teach a 16 year old about the risks of smoking, change attitudes, and improve refusal skills. A. individual/families- focused B. community-focused C. System-focused

A. individual/Family-Focused

public health nursing prioritizes which level of prevention? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary

A. primary

the process that helps communities understand how to move from where they are to where they would like to be is called? a. program planning b. program evaluation c. community assessment

A. program planning

Program planning is defined as the process that helps communities understand how to move from where they are to where they would like to be. A. True B. False

A. true

Assurance

Assuring constituents that public health agencies provide the services necessary to achieve agreed-upon goals

Which intervention describes the COMPREHENSIVE effort needed to provide needed services to clients? a. referral & follow up b. case management c. delegated functions

B. Case management

a group of individuals who share a common denominator and recognize their membership as part of that group is called a _______ a. population b. community c. aggregate

B. Community

Coordinate social marketing campaigns to change the community norms regarding adolescents' tobacco use A. Individual/Families-focused B. Community-focused C. System-focused

B. Community-focused

A public health nurse has been working with a local group of providers who are concerned about the way their local law enforcement responds to juvenile offenders. The group is writing a juvenile offender grant, which proposes a new plan of how to respond to juvenile offenders and their parents. The nurse provides expertise to the group of providers in relation to adolescent development and evidence-based practice for juvenile offenders and assists them in generating possible solutions for how to

B. Consultation at the systems level

Which intervention establishes an interpersonal relationship at an emotional level, with the goal of increased or enhanced capacity for self-care? a. health teaching b. counseling C. consultation

B. Counseling

A nurse wishes to involve the local health department in planning a community-wide intervention. The nurse calls the reception area to determine how best to involve the health department and learns that it is run by the local government in conjunction with the local board of health, which is known as a ____ system. A. Mixed B. Decentralized C. Centralized D. Shared

B. Decentralized

Match each description to the term it best defines: goals or objectives. Broad statement of the impact expected by implementing a program Specific statements of desired outcomes, phrased in behavioral terms that can be measured in a specified period of time

B. Goals A. Objectives

Which of the following is a structure characteristic of a community? A. death rate from cancer b. race/ethnic distribution c. community engagement in addressing concerns

B. Race/Ethnic distribution

Which core function of public health includes the capacity to respond to emergencies A. Assessment b. assurance c. policy development

B. assurance

The ability of community members to work together to organize their assets and resources to improve the health to the community is? a. collaborative planning b. community capactiy

B. community capacity

When does formative evaluation occur? a. at the end of the program to help design new programs b. during program planning and initial implementation of activities c. before beginning of the program to help identify outcomes measures d. at the end of the program to determine if the program was effective

B. during program planning and initial implementation of activities

Summative evaluation is when ongoing feedback is gathered about the performance of the program during program development. A. true B. false

B. false

which of the following is an example of primary health data? a. census data b. participant observations c. communicable disease rates from the state health department d. review of evidence-based literature

B. participant observations

A community assessment conducted in the aftermath of a tornado, assessing the impact and available resources, is which type of community assessment? a. comprehensive assessment b. rapid needs assessment c. getting specific assessment d. health impact assessment e. problem-focused assessment

B. rapid needs assessment

Which of the following is tertiary prevention? a. performing home safety checks b. teaching healthy nutrition to clients with hypertension c. providing COVID-19 vaccinations at a mass immunization clinic d. notifying individuals exposed to tuberculosis

B. teaching health nutrition to clients with hypertension

Which of the following describes vulnerability? A. An avoidable gap in health outcomes B. A belief that all persons, regardless of circumstances, are equally entitled to a basic quality of life C. The degree to which and individual, population, or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of disease and disasters D. A health outcome that is seen to a greater or lesser extent between populations

C

designing a logic model would target which level of blooms taxonomy? a. apply b. synthesize c. create

C. Create

Which intervention describes how tasks are carried out under the authority of another HC provider or entrusted to another appropriate personnel? a. referral & follow up b. case management c. delegated functions

C. Delegated functions

A public health nurse provides foot care to a person living with homelessness. The PHN notices the client needs medical attention and refers the client to the local community health center to see a healthcare provider. the nurse requests contact information for follow-up on the client's referral. What level of population-based is this describing? A. System focused B. Community focused C. Individual/family focused D. None of the Above

C. Individual/Family focused

The greater good for the greater many refers to which ethical principle? a. beneficence b. nonmaleficence c. justice d. autonomy

C. Justice

Which of the following is when a person is treated as though they are of little or no consequence or are unimportant? A. Discrimination B. Stigma C. Marginalize D. Racism

C. Marginalize

The nursing instructor demonstrates an IV insertion and then has students do a return demonstration. What domain of learning is this? a. Cognitive b. Affective c. psychomotor

C. Psychomotor

Which intervention is disease and health event investigation most frequently done in coordination with? a. referral and follow-up b. case-finding c. surveillance d. screening

C. Surveillance

Community coalitions that advocate to adopt stronger ordinances restricting OTC youth access to tobacco A. Individual/families- focused B. Family-focused C. systems-focused

C. Systems-focused

What are items needed and available for the program, such as human, financial, equipment, institutional and community resources called? a. outputs b. activities c. inputs

C. inputs

to conduct a community assessment, exploring the needs and strengths of New americans in Grand Forks, what is your best approach? a. problem or health issue assessment b. health impact assessment c. population-focused assessment d. setting-specific assessment

C. population-focused assessment

a mark of shame or discredit defines what term? a. marginalization b. racism c. stigma d. discrimination

C. stigma

Which level of discrimination is neutral in intent? a. individual b. institutional c. structural

C. structural

A group of individuals who share a common denominator and recognize their membership as part of that group is called a ____________________________. A. Organization B. Aggregate C. Population D. Community

D. Community

Which of the following involves talking to a gatekeeper, or someone who represents the community, to gather more in-depth information? A. Participant observation B. Survey C. Focus group D. Key informant interview

D. Key informant interview

Using scientific knowledge to develop comprehensive public health policies defines which core function of public health? A. Assessment B. Advocacy C. Assurance D. Policy Development

D. Policy Development

A public health nurse goes to a factory to find out why employees are missing so many workdays. What type of assessment would be the most appropriate in this case? A. Problem or health issue-based assessment B. Population-focused assessment C. Health impact assessment D. Setting-specific assessment

D. Setting-specific assessment

Which of the following is an example of secondary data? a. photo voice b. windshield survey c. inventory of resources d. data from a previous community survey

D. data from a previous community survey

When one group gives unjust or prejudicial treatment to another group based on his or her race, ethnicity, gender, SES, or other group membership is? a. marginalization b. racisim c. stigma d. discrimination

D. discrimination

What is the LAST step in a teaching plan? A. analyze or assess the learner B. state objectives C. select materials D. Evaluate the teaching plan

D. evaluate the teaching plan

Which of the following is a status characteristic of a community? a. age breakdown b. location of nearest dental clinic c. neighborhood watch program d. obesity rate

D. obesity rate

The main focus of public health nursing is? a. individuals b. groups c. families d. Populations

D. populations

The number of new cases of a disease or illness at a specific time or period of time

Incidence

System focused examples

PHN facilitates community coalitions that advocated for city councils to adopt stronger ordinances restricting over-the-counter youth access to tobacco

The total number of accumulated cases of a disease or illness both new and pre-existing at a given time:

Prevalence

Determined by comparing the incidence rate in the exposed group with the incidence rate in the non-exposed group to determine association

Relative risk

The 'rights' of delegation include, the right________.

Right Task Right Circumstance Right Person Right Direction/Communication Right Supervision

5. Levels of Population- Based practice

The client is the populations -Individual/families -communities -system that impact the health of those communities

public health nurses primarily work independently, but collaborate frequently with other professionals?

True

What is a population

a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common

the PHN or other health department employee searches for cases by contacting local health care providers and agencies

active

the causative factor

agent

the measure of the proportion of the cases or injuries that would be eliminated if a risk factor was not present

attributable risk

Which race/ethnicity has the highest ratio of poverty population to total population? a. white b. black c. American Indian/ Alaska native d. Hispanic

c. American Indian/ Alaska native

What level is typically LONGEST-LASTING and makes the MOST impact? A. Individual/families- focused B. Family-focused C. systems-focused

c. System-Focused

Which of the following demonstrates the application level of Bloom's? a. comparing and contrasting health and unhealthy behaviors b. completing a survey on their relationships c. using new skills to confront a friend who mistreats them d. describing strategies they could use in their own relationships

c. using new skills to confront a friend who mistreats them

used to determine whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between a risk factor and a health effect

causality

Community focused

creates changes in community norms, attitudes, awareness, practices and behaviors -directed toward entire populations in community

Individual-family focused

creates changes in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, skills, or behaviors in individuals or families -belong to population-at-risk

Systems focused

creates changes in organizations, policies, laws and power structures -focus is on the systems -more effective and long lasting

external factors that can influence the host's vulnerability to the risk factors related to the disease

environment

class model used in epidemiology to explain the occurrence of disease

epidemiological triangle

susceptible human or animal

host

the number of proportion of individuals experiencing a similar disability, illness, or disease

morbidity

The number of deaths within a given population

mortality

Health care providers send case reports to the local health department

passive

3. Levels of Prevention

primary, secondary, tertiary

trends in commonly occurring diseases and health problems are monitored

sentinel

a system to collect specific information is established; for example, determining links between disease agents and terrorist attacks

special

public health nursing

specialized practice that utilizes population-based interventions

What is assessment in public health?

systematic collection, analysis and monitoring of health problems and needs

1. Focusing on the entire population

the primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people or the population as a whole