Chapter 17
indulgences
Council of Trent: ____ are valid expressions of faith
salvation
Council of Trent: christians need faith and good works for _____
traditions
Council of Trent: the bible and church ____ are equally important
interpretation
Council of Trent: the church's _____ of the Bible is final
critics
Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are vocal ___ of the church
William Shakespeare
English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language
reading
Europeans form own opinions about the church after ____ the Bible
pope
Henry tells Parliament to end the ____'s power in England so he can divorce his wife
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor that issued the Edict of Worms
theocracy
John Calvin's beliefs: the ideal government is ____- rule by religious teachings/leaders
sinful
John Calvin's beliefs: we are ____ by nature and cannot earn salvation
Bible
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stressed the ____'s authority over the clergy
reformers
Katarina Zell protected ____
marriage
Katherina Von Bora, Luther's wife, promotes ___ equality
indulgences
Luther protested the selling of ____
95 Theses
Luther published his ___ ___, attacking "pardon-merchants"
teachings
Luther's teachings: Christian ___ must be based on the Bible, not the pope
priests
Luther's teachings: people can interpret the Bible without ____
salvation
Luther's teachings: people can win ____ through faith
Germany
Luther's theses circulated ____
France
Maguerite of Navarre protected Calvin in ____
reforms
Swiss priest calls for Church ____
Catholics
War breaks out between ____ and Protestants
peasant life
___ ____ became a popular subject of artists during the northern renaissance
northern
___ writers wrote about Christian humanism and the failures of the Church
italian
___ writers wrote about classical texts and languages
Geneva
____ becomes a strict Protestant theocracy, led by Calvin
Peace of Augsburg
a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would by its ruler
Reformation
a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority
Catholic Reformation
a 16th-century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
humanism
a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Calvinism
a body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin
theocracy
a government controlled by religious leaders
Council of Trent
a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant rulers
Prostenant
a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of reformation
Lutheran
a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther
Lutherans
a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.
indulgence
a pardon releasing a person from punishments do to a sin
Renaissance
a period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world
heretic
a person who opposes accepted and established beliefs
patron
a person who supports artists, especially financially
perspective
an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface
utopia
an imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book
rebirth
another word for renaissance is ____
perspective
artists began to use ___ in their pieces
anabaptists
believe in the separation of church and state
Church
causes of the reformation: Rulers challenge ____'s power
secularism and individualism
causes of the reformation: ____ and ____ of Renaissance challenge church authority
indulgences
causes of the reformation: many people found church practices such as the selling of ____ unacceptable
merchants
causes of the reformation: northern ____ resent paying church taxes
corrupt
causes of the reformation: some church leaders had become ___
printing press
causes of the reformation: the ___ ___ spreads secular ideas
Christian humanists
christians who believed in the potential of the people
Anglican
church that is acceptable to moderate Catholics and Protestants
secular
concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
Donatello
created the first free standing nude sculpture since classical times
Johann Gutenberg
created the printing press
Johann Gutenberg
developed and improved the printing press
Edict of Worms
document that declared Luther a heretic
Catholics and Protestants
effects of the reformation: ____ and ____ gave more emphasis to education when promoting their beliefs
protestant
effects of the reformation: ____ churches flourished
individual
effects of the reformation: _____ monarchs and states gain power
enlightenment
effects of the reformation: laid the groundwork for the _____
Europe
effects of the reformation: many colleges, universities, and parish schools are founded throughout _____
nation-states
effects of the reformation: modern ____-____ develop
Roman Catholic
effects of the reformation: the ___ ___ church becomes more unified
Catherine of Aragon
first wife of Henry VIII
huguenots
french calvinists are called
Jesuits
group formed by the pope to help with the Counter Reformation
Anabaptist
in the Reformation, a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of Church and state
Bible
in the middle ages, all art had to tie in to the ___
Peasant's Revolt
inspired by the reformation, German peasants seeking to end serfdom; ends with princes killing about 100,000 people
Johann Gutenberg
invented the printing press
Index of Forbidden Books
issued by Pope Paul IV, called for banned books to be burned
Philip II
king of Spain that threatened Queen Elizabeth I
Ignatius of Loyola
leading catholic reformer, called for mediation, prayer, and study
Henry VIII
marries 6 women in attempt to have a son
utopia
means "no place"
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Henry VIII
monarch that broke away from the Catholic Church
Raphael
painted "School of Athens"
Leonardo da Vinci
painted the Mona Lisa
Michelangelo
painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
offending
people decided that fun could happen without ____ God
discredit
people in the middle ages would ____ anything that didn't have to do with the Bible
Paul III
pope that called for Council of Trent
Protestants
princes who sided with Luther
Greek and Roman
reasons for the renaissance: interest in ___ and ___ art
city-states
reasons for the renaissance: thriving ____
merchant
reasons for the renaissance: wealthy ___ class
reformation
reformation or catholic reformation?: all people are equal - did not need priests or church to interpret the bible
reformation
reformation or catholic reformation?: believed faith was the path to salvation
reformation
reformation or catholic reformation?: broke away from the church
catholic reformation
reformation or catholic reformation?: faith and good works are keys to salvation
catholic reformation
reformation or catholic reformation?: reformed the church
catholic reformation
reformation or catholic reformation?: the priests and church are necessary to interpret the bible
Thomas More
refuses to go against the Catholic Church and accept Henry VIII's church rule and is beheaded
Anglican
relating to the Church of England
calvinism
religion based on John Calvin's teachings
turmoil
religious ____ follows Henry VIII's death
presbyterians
scottish calvinists are called
Friar Johann Tetzel
sold indulgences
Martin Luther
started the Renaissance
Gutenberg Bible
the Bibles printed on the printing press have became to be known as the ___ ____
Bible
the Latin ___ was the first book printed on the printing press
predestination
the belief that God chooses who will be saved
Edward VI (P), Mary I (C), Elizabeth I (P)
the children of Henry VIII, in order of ruling
vernacular
the everyday language of a people in a religion or country
Medici
the family that ruled Florence
Bible
the first book printed on the printing press
city-states
the main political unit in Italy
traditions
the northern renaissance mixed with northern ___, making it different from the renaissance
selling of indulgences
the primary fault found with the Roman Catholic Church that began the reformation
pope
the reformation rejected the ____'s authority
protestantism
the religion under King Edward's rule
Anglican
the religion under Queen Elizabeth I's rule
catholicism
the religion under Queen Mary's rule
Leo X
threatened to excommunicate Luther
Lutheran, Anglicans, Calvinists
three branches of Protestantism
annul
to cancel or to set aside
patrons
wealthy people who sponsored artists are called
self-expression
writers began to write for ____
Eramus
wrote "The Praise of the Folly", did not believe in the ceremonies of the Church
Machiavelli
wrote "The Prince", a book about how sometimes you just have to kill people
Thomas More
wrote Utopia
Castiglione
wrote about how to be a Renaissance man
William Shakespeare
wrote about human flaws
John Calvin
wrote the "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
