Chapter 17

indulgences

Council of Trent: ____ are valid expressions of faith

salvation

Council of Trent: christians need faith and good works for _____

traditions

Council of Trent: the bible and church ____ are equally important

interpretation

Council of Trent: the church's _____ of the Bible is final

critics

Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are vocal ___ of the church

William Shakespeare

English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language

reading

Europeans form own opinions about the church after ____ the Bible

pope

Henry tells Parliament to end the ____'s power in England so he can divorce his wife

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor that issued the Edict of Worms

theocracy

John Calvin's beliefs: the ideal government is ____- rule by religious teachings/leaders

sinful

John Calvin's beliefs: we are ____ by nature and cannot earn salvation

Bible

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stressed the ____'s authority over the clergy

reformers

Katarina Zell protected ____

marriage

Katherina Von Bora, Luther's wife, promotes ___ equality

indulgences

Luther protested the selling of ____

95 Theses

Luther published his ___ ___, attacking "pardon-merchants"

teachings

Luther's teachings: Christian ___ must be based on the Bible, not the pope

priests

Luther's teachings: people can interpret the Bible without ____

salvation

Luther's teachings: people can win ____ through faith

Germany

Luther's theses circulated ____

France

Maguerite of Navarre protected Calvin in ____

reforms

Swiss priest calls for Church ____

Catholics

War breaks out between ____ and Protestants

peasant life

___ ____ became a popular subject of artists during the northern renaissance

northern

___ writers wrote about Christian humanism and the failures of the Church

italian

___ writers wrote about classical texts and languages

Geneva

____ becomes a strict Protestant theocracy, led by Calvin

Peace of Augsburg

a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would by its ruler

Reformation

a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority

Catholic Reformation

a 16th-century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

humanism

a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Calvinism

a body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin

theocracy

a government controlled by religious leaders

Council of Trent

a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant rulers

Prostenant

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of reformation

Lutheran

a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther

Lutherans

a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.

indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments do to a sin

Renaissance

a period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world

heretic

a person who opposes accepted and established beliefs

patron

a person who supports artists, especially financially

perspective

an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface

utopia

an imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book

rebirth

another word for renaissance is ____

perspective

artists began to use ___ in their pieces

anabaptists

believe in the separation of church and state

Church

causes of the reformation: Rulers challenge ____'s power

secularism and individualism

causes of the reformation: ____ and ____ of Renaissance challenge church authority

indulgences

causes of the reformation: many people found church practices such as the selling of ____ unacceptable

merchants

causes of the reformation: northern ____ resent paying church taxes

corrupt

causes of the reformation: some church leaders had become ___

printing press

causes of the reformation: the ___ ___ spreads secular ideas

Christian humanists

christians who believed in the potential of the people

Anglican

church that is acceptable to moderate Catholics and Protestants

secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Donatello

created the first free standing nude sculpture since classical times

Johann Gutenberg

created the printing press

Johann Gutenberg

developed and improved the printing press

Edict of Worms

document that declared Luther a heretic

Catholics and Protestants

effects of the reformation: ____ and ____ gave more emphasis to education when promoting their beliefs

protestant

effects of the reformation: ____ churches flourished

individual

effects of the reformation: _____ monarchs and states gain power

enlightenment

effects of the reformation: laid the groundwork for the _____

Europe

effects of the reformation: many colleges, universities, and parish schools are founded throughout _____

nation-states

effects of the reformation: modern ____-____ develop

Roman Catholic

effects of the reformation: the ___ ___ church becomes more unified

Catherine of Aragon

first wife of Henry VIII

huguenots

french calvinists are called

Jesuits

group formed by the pope to help with the Counter Reformation

Anabaptist

in the Reformation, a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of Church and state

Bible

in the middle ages, all art had to tie in to the ___

Peasant's Revolt

inspired by the reformation, German peasants seeking to end serfdom; ends with princes killing about 100,000 people

Johann Gutenberg

invented the printing press

Index of Forbidden Books

issued by Pope Paul IV, called for banned books to be burned

Philip II

king of Spain that threatened Queen Elizabeth I

Ignatius of Loyola

leading catholic reformer, called for mediation, prayer, and study

Henry VIII

marries 6 women in attempt to have a son

utopia

means "no place"

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Henry VIII

monarch that broke away from the Catholic Church

Raphael

painted "School of Athens"

Leonardo da Vinci

painted the Mona Lisa

Michelangelo

painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

offending

people decided that fun could happen without ____ God

discredit

people in the middle ages would ____ anything that didn't have to do with the Bible

Paul III

pope that called for Council of Trent

Protestants

princes who sided with Luther

Greek and Roman

reasons for the renaissance: interest in ___ and ___ art

city-states

reasons for the renaissance: thriving ____

merchant

reasons for the renaissance: wealthy ___ class

reformation

reformation or catholic reformation?: all people are equal - did not need priests or church to interpret the bible

reformation

reformation or catholic reformation?: believed faith was the path to salvation

reformation

reformation or catholic reformation?: broke away from the church

catholic reformation

reformation or catholic reformation?: faith and good works are keys to salvation

catholic reformation

reformation or catholic reformation?: reformed the church

catholic reformation

reformation or catholic reformation?: the priests and church are necessary to interpret the bible

Thomas More

refuses to go against the Catholic Church and accept Henry VIII's church rule and is beheaded

Anglican

relating to the Church of England

calvinism

religion based on John Calvin's teachings

turmoil

religious ____ follows Henry VIII's death

presbyterians

scottish calvinists are called

Friar Johann Tetzel

sold indulgences

Martin Luther

started the Renaissance

Gutenberg Bible

the Bibles printed on the printing press have became to be known as the ___ ____

Bible

the Latin ___ was the first book printed on the printing press

predestination

the belief that God chooses who will be saved

Edward VI (P), Mary I (C), Elizabeth I (P)

the children of Henry VIII, in order of ruling

vernacular

the everyday language of a people in a religion or country

Medici

the family that ruled Florence

Bible

the first book printed on the printing press

city-states

the main political unit in Italy

traditions

the northern renaissance mixed with northern ___, making it different from the renaissance

selling of indulgences

the primary fault found with the Roman Catholic Church that began the reformation

pope

the reformation rejected the ____'s authority

protestantism

the religion under King Edward's rule

Anglican

the religion under Queen Elizabeth I's rule

catholicism

the religion under Queen Mary's rule

Leo X

threatened to excommunicate Luther

Lutheran, Anglicans, Calvinists

three branches of Protestantism

annul

to cancel or to set aside

patrons

wealthy people who sponsored artists are called

self-expression

writers began to write for ____

Eramus

wrote "The Praise of the Folly", did not believe in the ceremonies of the Church

Machiavelli

wrote "The Prince", a book about how sometimes you just have to kill people

Thomas More

wrote Utopia

Castiglione

wrote about how to be a Renaissance man

William Shakespeare

wrote about human flaws

John Calvin

wrote the "Institutes of the Christian Religion"