Chapter 17 - Blood

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White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are

Basophils

What is the normal pH of blood

7.35-7.45

Red blood cells have a diameter of

7.8um

Blood type is identified primarily by

both the ABO and Rh blood groups.

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

The plasma protein involved in blood clotting is

fibrinogen

Approximately 45 percent of blood volume is composed of the

formed elements

More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is

hemoglobin

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

Hematocrit

Type O+ cant be given to what type of patient?

O-

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

Proteins

What is the normal values for: - RBCs - Platelets - Leukocytes - Hematocrit - Hemoglobin

RBC: men = 4.5-6.3 mil females = 4.2-5.5 mil Platelets: 350,000 leukocytes: hematocrit: men= 38-50 women = 35-45 hemoglobin: men = 14-18/dL women = 12-16/dL

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

After blood is fractionated,

its components are separated for the purpose of analysis

Which white blood cell type hhas the highest abundance?

neutrophils

Granulocytes form in

red bone marrow (granulocyte is a WBC which has abundant stained granules - neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil)

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following

- Consequence of hemorrhage - High altitude - When blood flow to kidneys is disrupted - Anemia

When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect

- Rise in hematocrit - Drop in atmospheric O2 levels - Increase in RBC production - Release of EPO

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.

What are the functions of blood?

- Transport of gasses - Defense against toxins and pathogens - transport of body heat - Transport of nutrients and wastes

In adults, red bone marrow is located in the

- proximal epiphyses of long bones. - sternum and ribs. - body of vertebrae. - iliac crest.

Avg lifespan of a RBC

4 months

A typical adult hematocrit is

45

The total volume of blood in the body of a 76-kg man is approximately ________ liters.

5.3

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.

55; 92

Blood volume represents about ________ percent of a person's body weight.

7

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

A gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ABO blood types and the Rh blood types?

An Rh- person has to be exposed to Rh+ blood in order to produce anti-Rh.

When checking the efficiency of gas exchange it may be necessary to draw blood from where?

An artery

The condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced, owing to a low blood hemoglobin concentration, is called

Anemia

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

Anemia

Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood plasma.

Antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

What are agglutinogens

Antigens on the surface

The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from

destruction of hemoglobin. excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma. the recycling of hemoglobin. extensive breakdown of RBCs.

What is true of basophils

granules contain heparin constitute about 1 percent of WBCs attract other defense cells granules contain histamine

Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL of blood. This value indicates that

hemogloblin is normal (females 12-16, males 14-18)

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

metalloproteins

If bile ducts are blocked

more bilirubin appears in the plasma (diffusion into peripheral tissues)

Which of the following blood count values would be a sign of anemia? Which of the following blood count values would be a sign of anemia? 400,000 platelets 5.5 million RBC 3.5 million RBC 10,000 WBC 10,000 WBC and 5.5 million RBC taken together

3.5 million RBC (normal levels in males 4.5-6.3 million RBCs/cubic milliliter, females 4.2-5.5 million RBCs/cubic milliliter; typical WBC is 5,000-10,000 WBCs/cubic milliliter)

You are caring for an adult patient who weighs 48 kg. What would her approximate blood volume be?

3.8

The most abundant plasma protein is

Albumin

What are agglutinins

Antibodies

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when

Blood flow to the kidney declines

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

Eosiniphils

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by a kidney-derived hormone called

Erythropoietin

What proteins function to store or transport iron?

Ferritin, hemosiderin and transferrin

A hematocrit provides information on

Formed elements abundance

Each hemoglobin molecule contains

Four iron atoms (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains each holding a heme molecule; each heme unit holds 1 iron ion)

A genetically engineered hormone that stimulates the production of neutrophils is

G-CSF (Neupogen).

A hormone that stimulates production of granulocytes and monocytes is

GM-CSF (the designation for each factor indicates its target - granulocyte monocyte-colony-stimulating factor)

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

Heme molecules lacking iron

________ is responsible for the RBC's ability to transport oxygen and CO2.

Hemoglobin

Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as

Hemosiderin and ferritin

A red blood cell that contains excessive amounts of hemoglobin would be called

Hyperchromic

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is

Recycled in the red bone marrow

All the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate in the

Red bone marrow

The process of lymphopoiesis occurs mainly in the

Red bone marrow

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?

Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) RBCs are macrocytic

In which of the following situations would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?

an alcoholic with a damaged liver (bilirubin is transported to the liver for excretion in bile)

Soon after donating 0.5 liters of blood, one would expect

an increased reticulocyte count

Jane has been taking the antibiotic chloramphenicol for a few weeks as treatment for a serious bacterial infection. There is a possibility that a future side effect of long-term antibiotic therapy could cause her to develop problems in blood cell counts. The result is

aplastic anemia (body stops producing enough new blood cells)

The function of hemoglobin is to

carry dissolved blood gases

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-D sera. What does this mean?

contains B antibodies

Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

hormone-binding

What term is associated with elevated values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCH)?

hyperchromic

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

Proteins in the blood for defense are called

immunoglobulins

Plasma extenders are used to

keep blood volume normal and maintain osmotic pressure

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia (pernicious anemia is the decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B-12; a special protein, called intrinsic factor (IF), helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12, and this protein is released by cells in the stomach. When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12)

What do B -lymphocytes develop into?

plasma cells

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?

reticulocytes

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because

their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

A cross-match test is performed between donor blood and recipient blood, even though the ABO and Rh blood types match between the two because

there are many more surface antigens on red blood cells other than A, B and Rh.

What are T lymphocytes?

they are involved in cell-mediated immunity

Function of a RBC

Carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide

Stages of development of a RBC

Hematopoietic stem cell--> myeloid --> progenitor --> proerythroblast-->erythroblast-->reticulocyte-->erythrocyte or proerythroblast -->basophilic erythroblast -->polychromatophilic erythroblast --> normoblast-->reticulocyte

You have spent 24 hours traveling from the U.S to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. A hematocrit value on your blood would be ________ than normal because ________.

Higher, you have less blood plasma volume

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor? helper cells are one type often elevated in allergic individuals kills bacteria using hydrogen peroxide hormone that regulates white blood cell formation adheres to collagen beneath endothelium

Hormone that regulates while blood cell formation

A person who has low blood volume is said to be

Hypovolemic

All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are active in fighting bacterial infections. granular leukocytes. phagocytic. also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. important in coagulation.

Important in coagulation

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

Injections of B12

Plasma is closest in composition to

Interstitial fluid

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

Iron

h of the following is not true of neutrophils? Which of the following is not true of neutrophils? less abundant than lymphocytes can destroy bacteria can make hydrogen peroxide can exit capillaries attracted to complement-coated bacteria

Less abundant that lymphocytes

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

Monocytes

Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics? RBCs have the A antigen and the plasma has the anti-B antibody. RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies. RBCs have the Rh positive antigens and the anti-D plasma antibodies. RBCs have the A and the B surface antigens and the plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies. RBCs have no surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as

Reticulocytes

________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation.

Reticulocytes

Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of

Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.

What is a stack of RBC called

Rouleaux - they also lack a mitochondria

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

Spleen, liver and bone marrow

The most abundant component of plasma is (are)

Water

Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from

a superficial vein

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.

agglutinogens; agglutinins

the most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in

increased erythropoiesis (erythropoietin, also called erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone is formed by the kidneys and liver. EPO appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to low oxygen concentrations)


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