Chapter 17 - Blood
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
Basophils
What is the normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
Red blood cells have a diameter of
7.8um
Blood type is identified primarily by
both the ABO and Rh blood groups.
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is
fibrinogen
The plasma protein involved in blood clotting is
fibrinogen
Approximately 45 percent of blood volume is composed of the
formed elements
More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is
hemoglobin
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
Hematocrit
Type O+ cant be given to what type of patient?
O-
The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of
Proteins
What is the normal values for: - RBCs - Platelets - Leukocytes - Hematocrit - Hemoglobin
RBC: men = 4.5-6.3 mil females = 4.2-5.5 mil Platelets: 350,000 leukocytes: hematocrit: men= 38-50 women = 35-45 hemoglobin: men = 14-18/dL women = 12-16/dL
Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?
albumin
After blood is fractionated,
its components are separated for the purpose of analysis
Which white blood cell type hhas the highest abundance?
neutrophils
Granulocytes form in
red bone marrow (granulocyte is a WBC which has abundant stained granules - neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil)
The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following
- Consequence of hemorrhage - High altitude - When blood flow to kidneys is disrupted - Anemia
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect
- Rise in hematocrit - Drop in atmospheric O2 levels - Increase in RBC production - Release of EPO
A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
What are the functions of blood?
- Transport of gasses - Defense against toxins and pathogens - transport of body heat - Transport of nutrients and wastes
In adults, red bone marrow is located in the
- proximal epiphyses of long bones. - sternum and ribs. - body of vertebrae. - iliac crest.
Avg lifespan of a RBC
4 months
A typical adult hematocrit is
45
The total volume of blood in the body of a 76-kg man is approximately ________ liters.
5.3
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
55; 92
Blood volume represents about ________ percent of a person's body weight.
7
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if
A gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal
Which of the following statements is true regarding the ABO blood types and the Rh blood types?
An Rh- person has to be exposed to Rh+ blood in order to produce anti-Rh.
When checking the efficiency of gas exchange it may be necessary to draw blood from where?
An artery
The condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced, owing to a low blood hemoglobin concentration, is called
Anemia
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
Anemia
Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood plasma.
Antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
What are agglutinogens
Antigens on the surface
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from
destruction of hemoglobin. excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma. the recycling of hemoglobin. extensive breakdown of RBCs.
What is true of basophils
granules contain heparin constitute about 1 percent of WBCs attract other defense cells granules contain histamine
Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL of blood. This value indicates that
hemogloblin is normal (females 12-16, males 14-18)
Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
metalloproteins
If bile ducts are blocked
more bilirubin appears in the plasma (diffusion into peripheral tissues)
Which of the following blood count values would be a sign of anemia? Which of the following blood count values would be a sign of anemia? 400,000 platelets 5.5 million RBC 3.5 million RBC 10,000 WBC 10,000 WBC and 5.5 million RBC taken together
3.5 million RBC (normal levels in males 4.5-6.3 million RBCs/cubic milliliter, females 4.2-5.5 million RBCs/cubic milliliter; typical WBC is 5,000-10,000 WBCs/cubic milliliter)
You are caring for an adult patient who weighs 48 kg. What would her approximate blood volume be?
3.8
The most abundant plasma protein is
Albumin
What are agglutinins
Antibodies
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
Blood flow to the kidney declines
White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the
Eosiniphils
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by a kidney-derived hormone called
Erythropoietin
What proteins function to store or transport iron?
Ferritin, hemosiderin and transferrin
A hematocrit provides information on
Formed elements abundance
Each hemoglobin molecule contains
Four iron atoms (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains each holding a heme molecule; each heme unit holds 1 iron ion)
A genetically engineered hormone that stimulates the production of neutrophils is
G-CSF (Neupogen).
A hormone that stimulates production of granulocytes and monocytes is
GM-CSF (the designation for each factor indicates its target - granulocyte monocyte-colony-stimulating factor)
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
Heme molecules lacking iron
________ is responsible for the RBC's ability to transport oxygen and CO2.
Hemoglobin
Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as
Hemosiderin and ferritin
A red blood cell that contains excessive amounts of hemoglobin would be called
Hyperchromic
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
Recycled in the red bone marrow
All the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate in the
Red bone marrow
The process of lymphopoiesis occurs mainly in the
Red bone marrow
Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?
Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) RBCs are macrocytic
In which of the following situations would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?
an alcoholic with a damaged liver (bilirubin is transported to the liver for excretion in bile)
Soon after donating 0.5 liters of blood, one would expect
an increased reticulocyte count
Jane has been taking the antibiotic chloramphenicol for a few weeks as treatment for a serious bacterial infection. There is a possibility that a future side effect of long-term antibiotic therapy could cause her to develop problems in blood cell counts. The result is
aplastic anemia (body stops producing enough new blood cells)
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry dissolved blood gases
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-D sera. What does this mean?
contains B antibodies
Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
hormone-binding
What term is associated with elevated values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCH)?
hyperchromic
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
immunoglobulins
Proteins in the blood for defense are called
immunoglobulins
Plasma extenders are used to
keep blood volume normal and maintain osmotic pressure
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
Surgical removal of the stomach could cause
pernicious anemia (pernicious anemia is the decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough vitamin B-12; a special protein, called intrinsic factor (IF), helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12, and this protein is released by cells in the stomach. When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12)
What do B -lymphocytes develop into?
plasma cells
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
reticulocytes
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
A cross-match test is performed between donor blood and recipient blood, even though the ABO and Rh blood types match between the two because
there are many more surface antigens on red blood cells other than A, B and Rh.
What are T lymphocytes?
they are involved in cell-mediated immunity
Function of a RBC
Carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide
Stages of development of a RBC
Hematopoietic stem cell--> myeloid --> progenitor --> proerythroblast-->erythroblast-->reticulocyte-->erythrocyte or proerythroblast -->basophilic erythroblast -->polychromatophilic erythroblast --> normoblast-->reticulocyte
You have spent 24 hours traveling from the U.S to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. A hematocrit value on your blood would be ________ than normal because ________.
Higher, you have less blood plasma volume
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor? helper cells are one type often elevated in allergic individuals kills bacteria using hydrogen peroxide hormone that regulates white blood cell formation adheres to collagen beneath endothelium
Hormone that regulates while blood cell formation
A person who has low blood volume is said to be
Hypovolemic
All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are active in fighting bacterial infections. granular leukocytes. phagocytic. also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. important in coagulation.
Important in coagulation
Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by
Injections of B12
Plasma is closest in composition to
Interstitial fluid
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of
Iron
h of the following is not true of neutrophils? Which of the following is not true of neutrophils? less abundant than lymphocytes can destroy bacteria can make hydrogen peroxide can exit capillaries attracted to complement-coated bacteria
Less abundant that lymphocytes
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
Monocytes
Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics? RBCs have the A antigen and the plasma has the anti-B antibody. RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies. RBCs have the Rh positive antigens and the anti-D plasma antibodies. RBCs have the A and the B surface antigens and the plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies. RBCs have no surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.
In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the
Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as
Reticulocytes
________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation.
Reticulocytes
Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of
Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
What is a stack of RBC called
Rouleaux - they also lack a mitochondria
Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the
Spleen, liver and bone marrow
The most abundant component of plasma is (are)
Water
Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from
a superficial vein
Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.
agglutinogens; agglutinins
the most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in
increased erythropoiesis (erythropoietin, also called erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone is formed by the kidneys and liver. EPO appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to low oxygen concentrations)
