Chapter 17-Blood
Identify the percentage of whole blood occupied by leukocyted and the average number found in 1 L of blood.
1 % of whole blood
Describe the shape of an erythrocyte. Identify the advantages of this shape.
Bioconcave
Identify the 2 pathways that lead to the production activator.
Intrinsic pathway is known as the contact activation pathway. The intrinsic pathway is initiated by damage to the inside of the vessel wall and is initiated by platelets. The extrinsic pathway is the tissue factor. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by damage to the tissue that is outside the vessel.
Explain why blood is considered to be a connective tissue.
It has both solid (cells) and liquid (extracellular) components. The formed elements (cells) are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma).
List the leukocytes in the normal order of abundance (i.e., % of circulating WBCs)
Neutophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eiosinphils Basophils
Describe the final 3 steps in the formation of blood clot. Include the following in your discussion: prothrombin activator, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, and fibrin mesh.
Prothrombin activator is formed->Prothrombin is converted into thrombin->Thrombin catalyzed the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh and this leads to Coagulation
Describe the purpose of coagulation.
The purpose of coagulation is to clot blood. The blood clot has a insoluble protein network composed of fibrin, which is derived from soluble fibrinogen. This mesh work of protein traps other elements of the blood, including erythrocytes, luekocytes, platelets, and plasma proteins, to form the clot.
Describe the process of vascular spasm. Include its triggers and its function.
Vascular Spasm~Endothelia cells release chemicals that stimulate contraction, this is a positive feedback loop resulting in even more chemical release->Contraction of vessel smooth muscle within 30 minutes
Identify the the function of erythrocytes.
to transport respiratory gases (i.e. O2 & CO2)
Identify how many platelets are found in 1 L of blood.
150-400 thousand per cubic mm
Identify the percentage of whole blood occupied by erythrocytes and the average number found in 1 L of blood.
44% of whole blood
Describe the structure of hemoglobin. Describe the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport. Include the following terms in your discussion: oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and reduced hemoglobin.
A red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxyhemoglobin-Hb+O2: Oxygen loading~ lung-->Deoxyhemoglobin-without O2
Describe the role of hemoglobin in carbon dioxide transport. Include the term carbaminohemoglobin in your discussion.
Carbonaminohemoglobin-with CO2: Carbon dioxide~tissues
Describe the physical characteristics of blood. Include the following in your discussion: color, viscosity, pH, volume (male and female) and temperature.
Color- The color of blood is determined upon if its oxygen-rich (bright red/scarlet color) or oxygen-poor (dark red). Viscosity- based on the amount of dissolved substances in the blood relative to the amount of fluid; it is increased if the amount of substances (erythrocytes) increases, the amount of fluid drecreases, or both. pH- blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH of about 7.35-7.45. If the pH is altered from the normal range, plasma proteins become denatured and are unable to carry out their functions. Volume- The average of blood in a human is 5 L. Males tend to have more blood (5-6 L) then females (4-5 L) due to their larger stature and hormones. Temperature- Blood temperature is 1 degree C higher than the measured temperature. Therefore blood warms areas (organs, etc.) through which it travels.
Describe 3 distributive, 3 regulatory, and 2 protective functions of blood.
Distributive/Transportation 1) O2 & nuriuents to tissues and cells 2) CO2 & metabolic waste for elimination 3) Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs Regulatory 1) Body Temperature- absorb and distribute heat 2) pH- Buffer systems 3) Blood Volume- affects blood pressure Protection 1) Prevents blood loss by activating plasma proteins and platelets to form blood clots 2) Prevents infection via white blood cells, antibodies, complement proteins
Identify the major organ where erythrocyte destruction takes place. Identify the primary cell involved in the destruction. Describe what happens to the components of a destroyed erythrocyte. Discuss what happens to the globin, heme bilirubin, and iron.
Erythrocyte destruction takes place in the liver. RBC are the main cells involved in the destruction. The old RBCs become rigid and fragile; Hb breaks down. Dying RBCs phagocytized by Macrophage Iron is recycled from the Heme. Globin is brokin into amino acids and recycled. Heme->bilirubin (yellow pigment) Liver secretes bilirubin into intestines as bile->intestines metabolize-> urobilinogen excreted as stercobilin in feces
Name the 3 main classes of formed elements.
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
Define erythropoiesis. Explain the role erythropoietin (EPO) plays in erythropoiesis. Identify EPO's site of formation, triggers of formation, site of action, and function.
Erythropoiesis is the process of erythrocyte production. EPO a hormone that is stimulated by hypoxia in kidneys and periphey to increase the rate of production and maturation of erythrocytes progenitor and erythroblast cells. Hemocytoblast (stem cell)->myeloid stem cell->(EPO released) Progenitor cell->Proerythroblast->(EPO released) Early erythroblast->Late erythroblast->Normoblast->Nucleus ejected->Recticulocyte->erythrocytes
Define the following terms: formed elements, plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hematocrit, and buffy coat.
Formed elements- Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets Plasma- the fluid portion of blood containing plasma proteins and dissolved solutes. Erythrocytes- function to transport respiratory gases in the blood Leukocytes- contribute to defending the body against pathogens and platelets Buffy Coat- makes up the middle layer in centrifuged blood. A slightly gray-white layer composed of leukocytes and platelets.
Classify leukocytes as granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Granulocytes *Neutrophil *Eosinophils *Basophils Agranulocytes *Lymphocytes *Monocytes
Define hemostasis and identify its 3 stages.
Hemostatsis is a process where the blood clots and stops blood flow through a small injured blood vessel wall. It's 3 stages are Vascular spasm->platelet plug formation->Coagulation
Explain how fibrinolysis occurs. Include the following terms in your discussion: plasmin, plasminogen, and tissue plasminogen activator.
In fibrinolysis, an enzyme called plasmin cuts through the fibrin to break the clot apart into smaller pieces that can be expelled by the body. The precursor to plasmin, plasminogen, is produced in the liver. When blood starts to clot, plasminogen is locked inside the clot along with an tissue plasminogen activator that can turn the plasminogen into plasmin. As healing progresses, the activator is released to create plasmin to break up the clot.
Describe the structure and function of the different leukocytes.
Neutrophils Structure: - Nucleus is multilobed (as many as 5 lobes) - Cytoplasm contain neutral or pale, specific granules (when stained) Function: - kills acute bacteria Eosinophils Structure: - Nucleus is bilobed - Cytoplasm contains reddish or pink-orange specific granules (when stained) Function: - Destroys parasitic worms and flukes Basophils Structure: - Nucleus is bilobed - Cytoplasm contains deep blue-violent specific granules (when stained) Function: - Releases histamine and heparin during inflammatory reactions Lymphocytes Structure: - Round or slightly indented nucleus (fills the cell in smaller lymphoctes) - Nucleus is usually darkly stained - Thin rim of cytoplasm surrounds nucleus Function: - Attacks pathogens and releases antibodies Monocytes Structure: - Kidney-shaped or C-shaped nucleus - Nucleus is generally pale staining - Abundant cytoplasm around nucleus Function: - Phagocytizes pathogens
Describe the formation of a platelet plug. Include its primary trigger and its function.
Platelet Plug Formation Plug formation local area only (not stsyemic); Endothelium damage causes platelets to stick to exposed collegen->plug. Platelets (via granules) then releases Serotonin and ADP. These chemicals attract more platelets.
Identify the organ involved in the production of most clotting factors. Identify the vitamin necessary for their production.
The liver is involved in the production of clotting. The vitamin reponsible for the production is Vitamin K, a fat-soluable vitamin that is required for the e of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, it acts as a coenzyme.
Define leukopoiesis.
a form of hematopoiesis in which white blood cells (WBC, or leukocytes) are formed in bone marrow located in bones in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus.
Describe the interior of a red blood cell in terms of its nuclear and organellar content. Explain the functional advantage of this situation.
anucleate, few organelles, huge surface area, it carries Hemoglobin (Hb)
Identify the basic functions and properties of leukocytes.
help defend the body against pathogens
Describe the structural appearance and basic function of platelets.
irregular-shaped, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments that are about 2um in diameter (less than 1/4 the size of an erythrocyte). Helps in blood clotting
Identify the main constituents of plasma, including the solvent and important solutes.
o 90% water with over 100 solutes (8g / 100mL) *Proteins - albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, etc *Lactic acid, urea, creatinine *Nutrients - glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids *Electrolytes - Na, K, Ca, Cl, NaHCO3 (bicarbonate) *Respiratory gases - O2, CO2
Identify the 3 main types of plasma proteins and describe their primary functions.
o Blood Proteins *Albumins ~ 60% of proteins, transport lipids *Globulins ~ Transport (thyroid homes, metal ions, steroids); Protection (antibodies) *Fibrinogen / Prothrombin ~ blood clotting cascade
Define hematopoies (hemopoiesis). Identify the adult bones where it occurs.
occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) of certain bones