Chapter 17 Blood Bio 2114

Which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies?

Globulins

What type of molecules are the antigens found on blood cells?

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Hemostasis

How bleeding is stopped.

Fibrinogen

4% of plasma proteins. Functions in clotting. Under certain conditions, it's molecules interacts to form large, insoluble strands of fibrin that form the basic framework for a blood clot

Albumin

60% of plasma proteins for osmotic pressure. The most abundant plasma protein.

Normoblasts

After four days of differentiation, the erythroblast is now called a__________, it sheds its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte, which contains 80% of the HB of a mature red blood cell. After two days in the bone marrow reticulocytes enter the bloodstream

Agglutinogens

Also known as surface antigens on red blood cells because of antigens of one blood type are exposed to the corresponding antibodies (agglutinins) from another blood type the red blood cells will clump together in a process called agglutination. Such a cross reaction is very dangerous

Which of the following are components of plasma?

Antibodies, dissolved proteins, and organic waste. Plasma is the liquid portion and takes up about half the total blood volume. Plasma is mostly water, which makes up over 90% of the total plasma volume. The remaining plasma volume is composed of dissolved proteins, antibodies, and organic wastes

Agglutinogens vs Agglutinins

Are known as the antigens A, B & D (Rh). These surface proteins serve as an identification tag for a persons red blood cells. The corresponding antibodies present in a persons plasma serve to recognize an antigen that is not present on his or her red blood cells. These antibodies are also known as agglutinins.

Myeloid stem cells

Are stem cells in red bone marrow that divide to give rise to all types of formed elements other than lymphocytes

Red blood cell

As they develop they lose most of their organelles including nuclei; they retain only the cytoskeleton. Because mature red blood cells lack nuclei, I condition called a nucleate, and also lack ribosomes, they cannot divide or synthesize structural proteins or enzymes and as a result they cannot repair themselves and their lifespan is normally less than 120 days. The main function of red blood cells is to transport respiratory gases; that function is performed by molecules of hemoglobin which account for more than 95% of a red blood cells intracellular proteins

Hemoglobin

Because developing red blood cells lose in any organelle not directly associated with its primary function: the transport of respiratory gases. That function is performed by molecules of hemoglobin, which account for more than 95% of a red blood cells intracellular proteins. A complex quaternary protein structure, each molecule has two alpha chains and two made a chain and each chain has a single heme molecule. Heme is a non-protein pigment complex

Events occurring in macrophages-> all the way to liver

Because red blood cells are continually produced in their components are recycled or illuminated macrophages monitor the condition of circulating red blood cells and then golfing them before the hemolyze a.k.a. rupture and removing HP molecules in cell fragments from the red blood cells that hemolyze in the bloodstream. Heme units are then stripped of iron and the iron is stored in phagocyte or enters the blood and binds to transferrin, A plasma protein. Heme->biliverdin->biliburin->bloodstream->liver. In the liver bilirubin is destined for excretion in bile. If the bile ducks are blocked or the liver cannot process bilirubin, circulating levels of the compound increase rapidly. Bilirubin then diffuses into peripheral tissues, giving them a yellow color that is apparent in the skin in the sclera of the eyes also known as jaundice

Whole blood

Blood with all components

In addition to water and proteins, what else makes up plasma?

Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes. Electrolytes are ionic compounds that help regulate pH as well as blood osmolality. Nutrients include oxygen vitamins and minerals which I needed to regulate and maintain cell metabolism. Blood is a critical medium in which nutrients are transported into tissues and cells. Organic ways include gases such as carbon dioxide as well as substances such as urea and creatinine.

Other solutes that make up blood composition

Electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic waste

White blood cells

Leukocytes, have nuclei and other organelles in like hemoglobin. Never let monkeys eat bananas. White blood cells can be divided into two classes granular leukocytes and agranular leukocyte

White blood cells

Leukocytes, play a role in the body's defense mechanisms. There are five classes of leukocytes: neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes and monocytes. Never let monkeys eat bananas

Plasma

Liquid matrix. 55% of the volume of whole blood. Similar to interstitial fluid it's constant exchange of water ions small solutes across capillary walls. The plasma also contains active and in active enzymes and hormones who's concentrations very

Lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells divide to produce white blood cells called lymphocytes. myeloid stem cells divide to produce red blood cells and several classes of white blood cells

Globulins

Make up 35% of plasma proteins. Important plasma globulins include antibodies in transport globulins. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, attack foreign proteins and pathogen's. Transport globulins bind small ions, hormones, lipids and other compounds

What type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

Neutrophil. They are highly mobile. They are generally first to arrive at the site of an injury. These are very active cells and specialize in attacking and digesting bacteria.

If agglutinogen B meets with agglutinin anti-A, what is the result?

No agglutination occurs. In order for an antibody antigen interaction to occur there must be a binding between the two compounds. This binding would occur if agglutinogen B met with agglutinin anti-B. In that case the two compounds will bund together which in turn will trigger an immune response

In which pregnancy are in RH+ mom and an RH+ child at risk of developing erythrblastocystosis fetalis?

No pregnancy. An immune response would develop however if the child was RH + and the mother was RH -In the situation the Rh antigen in the child would provoke an immune response since the mothers body would detect the antigen as foreign

Hematology

The study of blood, blood forming tissues, and blood disorders. Dyscrasias-blood disorders

What are the benefits of the unusual shape of the red blood cell?

They are flexible, increased surface to volume ratio, red blood cells can stock up on each other circulating red blood cells have lost their nucleus and most of their organelles. This gives them the characteristic shape of a biconcave disc.

What are the functions of platelets

They reduce the size of a break in a vessel, they patch damaged vessels, and they initiate blood clotting. Platelets are fragments of cells that contain various chemicals to help in hemostasis. They release chemicals that initiate and control the clotting process not destroy bacteria

Myeloid tissue

Tissue located in portions of the vertebra sternum ribs school scapula pelvis and proximal Lynn bones. Other marrow areas contain a fatty tissue known as yellow bone marrow. Under extreme stimulation such a severe and sustained blood loss areas of yellow marrow convert to red marrow increasing the rate of red blood cell formation

The primary function of a mature red blood cell is what?

Transport of respiratory gases

Which blood type can safely be transfused into a person with type O blood?

Type O only. But can be a universal donor.

Blood type

Your blood type is determined by specific surface antigens in red blood cell plasma membrane. Your immune system ignores the surface antigens on your own red blood cells however your plasma may contain antibodies that will attack the antigens on foreign red blood cells. Three surface antigens are a particular importance A, B, and RH

Erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells

Which part of the hemoglobin binds the oxygen?

heme. Each heme is a non-protein pigment complex that loosely binds oxygen by way of an iron ion held at the center. Iron reversibly binds to oxygen, forming Oxyhemoglobin. When oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin molecule is known as deoxyhemoglobin. Each hemoglobin molecule is a quarternart structure composed of two alpha polypeptide chains, two beta polypeptide chains, and four heme units

Agranular leukocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

Granular leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Have a Bandan cytoplasmic granules that absorb histological stains

Heart

Pumps blood and maintains blood pressure

What are the formed elements that blood consist of

Red and white blood cells and platelets

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells are continually produced, about 1% of the circulating red blood cells are replaced each day and then the prop process approximately 3 million new red blood cells into the bloodstream and each second! Such a rapid rate of replacement is necessary because the typical red blood cell has a relatively short lifespan. It travels 700 miles in 120 days and either it's plasma membrane rupture's or it is Engulfed by macrophages in the spleen liver or bone marrow. In adult red blood cell formation or erythropoiesis occurs only in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue.

Red blood cell count

Reports the number of red blood cells per microliter of whole blood. In adult males 4.5 to 6.3 million red blood cells, and females 4.2 to 5.5 million. In the blood of an average adult has 25 trillion red blood cells Red blood cells account for roughly 1/3 of all cells in the human body

Veins

Return blood to the heart

Blood

Fluid connective tissue

Blood vessels

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Erythropoietin appears in the plasma with peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to______

Low oxygen concentrations

Formed elements

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. Cells and cell fragments. 45% of whole blood. 99% of formed elements are red blood cells 45% of whole blood. 99% of formed elements are red blood cells.

How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition in the functional properties of blood?

the liver is the primary source of plasma proteins. These proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin makes up most of the protein produced in accounts for about 60% of all plasma protein. In addition albumin functions as a carrier for many nutrients and also some major regulator of osmotic pressure in the blood. Globulin proteins include antibodies used in immune system and transport proteins. Fibrinogen, when activated, produces the major fibrin that are formed during clot formation

Functions of blood

transportation, regulation, protection

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?

Blood, heart, and blood vessels. The heart is the major pump that pushes blood through the conduit, or blood vessels. Blood as a liquid connective tissue that functions to transport oxygen and nutrients into the tissues as well as to transport carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes out of the tissues. The heart pumps blood and One Direction throughout the body, creating a circuit of blood flow.

Which of the following affect almost every aspect of the clotting process?

Calcium ions in vitamin K

Agglutinogens are contained on the __________, whereas the agglutinins are found in the _________.

Cell membrane of the red blood cell; plasma

Proerythroblast

Cells destined to become red blood cells first differentiate into this_______

The cycle of red bone marrow to immature red blood cell

Day 1: Proerythroblast ERYTHROBLAST Day 2: They become basophilic erythroblast Day3: they become polychromatophilic erythroblast Day 4: Normoblast and ejection of the nucleus Days 5-7: Recticulocyte And enter The bloodstream and becoming immature red blood cell. Lifespan is 120 days

Erythropoietin

EPO is released into the plasma one for her for tissues especially the kidneys are exposed to low oxygen concentrations. The state of low tissue oxygen levels is called hypoxia. The PO is released during anemia, one blood flow to the kidneys decreases, with the oxygen content of air in the lungs decreases due to disease or high altitude, and when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged. Once in the bloodstream EPO is carried two areas of red bone marrow, we're at stimulate stem cells in developing red blood cells

Oxyhemoglobin

Each heme Unit holds an iron ion in such a way that that iron can interact with an oxygen molecule forming this. Blood containing red blood cells filled with Oxsee hemoglobin is bright red. The iron-oxygen interactions is very weak, and the two can easily dissociate was in without damaging the heme unit or the oxygen molecule. The binding of an oxygen molecule to the iron in the heme unit is therefore completely reversible. The hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen is called deoxyhemoglobin or reduce hemoglobin. blood containing red blood cells filled with the deoxyhemoglobin is dark red almost burgundy

Which of the following is a local produce hormones causing smooth muscle contraction during the vascular phase?

Endothelin. Cutting the wall of a blood vessel triggers a contraction in the smooth muscle fibers of the vessel wall. This local contraction of the vessel is a vascular spasm, which decreases the diameter of the vessel at the side of the injury. Endothelial cells also released peptide hormones called endothelins.

Which type of white blood cell is involved in fighting off parasitic infections such as flukes and roundworms?

Eosinophils. Are classified as granulocytes which contain granules of cytotoxic compounds such as nitric oxide. These compounds are released onto pathogens like bacteria and protozoans. They also phagocytize debris and pathogens

Reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature________

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Erythrocytes, are the most abundant blood cells. They specialize cells are essential for the transport of oxygen in blood

Hemocytoblast

Form from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for red blood cells to be produced hemocytoblast in the red bone marrow must divide producing two types of cells; lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells

Megakaryocytes are specialized cells of the bone marrow that are responsible for_______

Formation of platelets

A patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries that restricted blood flow to his kidneys. What change would occur to the formed elements?

Hematocrit would increase. Because of the obstruction to blood flow to the kidneys, there would be diminished oxygen supply to the kidneys. This reduced oxygen supply would cause a kidney to produce and release Erythropoietin into the bloodstream. EPO would stimulate the development of mature erythrocytes and their release into the circulation. This would increase the hematocrit.

White blood cell differential count

Identify the types of numbers for each white blood cell

Events occurring in the large intestine and the kidney

In the large intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin a to urobilins and stercobilins . Feces are yellow brown or brown because of the presence of urobilins and sterobilins. Then the kidneys excrete some hemoglobin as well as urobilins which gives urine is yellow color. The presence of intact red blood cells in urine called hematuria occurs only after urinary track damage

Proteins synthesize is in a mature red blood cell occurs primarily..?

Nowhere, mature blood cells cannot synthesize proteins. Mature erythrocytes are devoid of a nucleus and all major organelles. Lack of a nucleus and ribosomes mean that these cells have no ability to create new proteins. For this reason they cannot repair themselves if they are damaged. The normal lifespan of a mature red blood cell is 120 days.

Hemocrite

Packed cell volume. Percentage of whole blood from formed elements.

Capillaries

Permit exchange between blood and interstitial fluids

Erythroblasts

Proerythroblasts then differentiate into various stages of cells called ___________ which actively synthesize hemoglobin. They are named according to total size, amount of hemoglobulin, and size and appearance of the nucleus

Lymphoid stem cells

Responsible for the production of lymphocytes, which are cells that function in the immune response. These themselves originate in the red bone marrow. Some remain there were as others migrate to lymphoid tissues, including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Lymphocytes are then produced in these organs as well as in the red bone marrow

Platelets

Small Membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important for clotting. They clipped together and stick to damage vessel walls and they release chemicals that stimulate blood clotting. Platelets are continuously replaced. Each platelet circulates for 9 to 12 days before being removed by phagocytes mainly in the spleen

megakaryocyte

Specialized cells of the bone marrow that are responsible for formation of platelets. The process of platelet formation in the bone marrow is known as thrombopoiesis. This process involves the separation of cytoplasm and the cell membrane from the megakaryocyte. A completely formed platelet is not a cell because it lacks a nucleus as well as cell organelles. The platelet circulates in an in active form until it is stimulated into activity during a crisis when blood clotting is needed

Antigens

Substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response. Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens on red blood cells. The plasma membrane's of your cells contain surface antigens, substances your immune system recognizes as normal, in other words your immune system ignores these substances rather than attacking them as foreign

Hemopoiesis

The formed elements developed in red bone marrow, also called Hematopoiesis.

Red blood cells have a limited lifespan and then phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. What happens to the iron in the heme group of red blood cells?

The iron will either store in the liver or transported back to the red bone marrow to be incorporated into new hemoglobin

Plasma proteins

albumins, globulins, fibrinogens. In solution rather than forming insoluble fiber's, like those in other connective tissues, such as loose connective tissue or cartilage. The large size and globular shape of most blood proteins usually prevent them from leaving the bloodstream. The liver synthesizers and releases more than 90% of all plasma proteins

What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in an adult?

bone marrow. The red marrow is composed of my Lloyd tissue and contains stem cells for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The stem cells for red blood cell serves as the origin for erythropoiesis.