chapter 17

evidence

supporting materials uses to prove or disprove something

what are the three types of appeal that are essential to effective public speaking?

1.ethos 2.logos 3.pathos

what are three tips for generating emotional appeal?

1.use emotional language 2.develop vivid examples 3.speak with sincerity and conviction

logos

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the tow major element sod logos are evidence and reasoning.

ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

describe the three ways in which a speaker can enhance credibility.

1.explian your competence 2.establish common ground with your audience 3.deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

list all the different types of fallacies.

1.hasty generalization 2.false cause 3.invalid analogy 4.bandwagon 5.red herring 6.ad hominem 7.either-or 8.slippery slope 9.appeal to tradition 10.appeal to novelty

hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

fallacy

an error in reasoning

in question of policy, ____ reasoning is frequently used.

analogical reasoning

why is causal reasoning at time tricky?

because the relationship between cause and effect are not clear and just because two events happen right after the other does not mean causation

why do we need to think about ethics alongside pathos?

because using emotional appeal can sometimes be unethical and misused.

appeal to tradition

fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

credibility

the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. the two major factors influencing a speakers credibility are competence and character

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves form a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves form particular facts to general conclusions.

creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

false cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another the first event is the cause of the second.

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention form the subject under discussion

bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or derivable.

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a fist step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

how might we used evidence to our advantage?

having logical evidence can promote our competence and and help persuade the audience