Chapter 17: Social Exclusion

Recent patterns of exclusion

-Canadian citizenship increasingly defined by place of origin -lack of representation in political institutions -contact with the criminal justice system

What are Elements of Social Exclusion?

-Focusing on disadvantage in social, economic or political activity by individuals, households, spatial areas, or groups; -Identifying the social economic, and institutional processes by which this disadvantage comes about; and -Considering the outcomes or consequences of exclusion for individuals, groups, or communities.

What is Social Exclusion?

-Social exclusion is defined as a multi-dimensional process, in which various forms of exclusion are combined: participation in decision-making and political processes, access to employment and material resources, and integration into common cultural processes. - When combined they create acute forms of exclusion that find a spatial representation in particular neighbourhoods

What is stress likely to do according to Seeman ?

-accelerate ageing -trigger multiple environmental assaults that have the effect of wear-and-tear on biological systems, leading to premature illness and mortality

Key aspects of social exclsion

-denial of participation in civil affairs of society through legal sanction and other institutional mechanisms -denial of access to social goods--health care, education , housing -denial of opportunity to participate actively in society -economic exclusion

Social exclusion

-describes the structures and processes of inequality and unequal outcomes among groups in society -in industrialized societies, arises from uneven access to the processes of production, wealth creation, and power -is a form of alienaton and denial of full citizenship experienced by particular groups of indivdiuals and communities -its characteristics occur in multiple dimensions

social exclusion in the Canadian context

-historically, Canada was conceived as a White-settler colony -the colonization of Aboriginal peoples and marginalization of non-European groups contributed to their social exclusion -social exclusion is manifested through structural inequalities in access to social, economic, political and cultural resources -structural inequalities persist on the basis of race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and immigrant status, etc

What is ghettoization?

-spatial concentration of poverty, signs of concentration in urban cores, over representation and tightly clustered groups with limited exposure to majority communities -inner city residents face higher health risks associated with pollutants, HIV infections, TB , diabetes, derugs, etc

Racism

-stress generator , as are situations of family separartion through immigration, intensification of work, devaluation of one's worth through de-credentialism and the very experience of inequality and injustirce -major cause of a variety of health problems -racism and discrimination intensify processes of marginalization and social exclusion

4 Aspects of Social Exclusion

1. Being socially excluded from civil society through legal sanction or toher intstituional mechanisms, as often experienced by status and non-status immigrants 2.Social exclusion refers to the failure to provide fro the needs of particular groups 3. Exclusion from social production 4. Economic exclusion from social consumption

Dimensions of social exclusion

1. economic 2. social 3. political 4.neighbourhood 5. individual 6. spatial 7. group

Which ethnic group had the lowest incoem of select racialized groups?

Arab -some racialized group members experience sig incoem inequality in all categories, in some cases over $10,000 -also gender inequality -these groups fare poorly: Koreans, latin Americans, West Asians, Blacks, South Asians

Racialized groups and new immigrants experience differential life chances

Characteristics include: -double-digit racalized income gap -deepening levels of poverty -differential access to housing and neighbourhood segregation -disproportionate contact with the criminal justice system -higher health risks

What is the fastest form of work in Canada?

precarious work