chapter 17 sociology

According to Muhammad, followers must adhere to the five Pillars of Islam. Which of the following is NOT one of these? - believing that there is no god but Allah -participating in five periods of prayer each day -fasting during the daylight hours in the month of Ramadan - understanding that the Greater Jihad is the internal struggle against sin

understanding that the Greater Jihad is the internal struggle against sin

According to our text, what is faith?

which is a confident belief that cannot be proven or disproven but is accepted as true

Overcoming desire can be accomplished through the Eightfold Path to Nirvana. This path is a way of living that avoids extremes of indulgence and suggests that a person can live in the world but not be worldly. This principle is part of the Four Noble Truths practiced in _______________________________ Buddhism.

Mahayana

___________________________ Judaism follows the traditional practices and teachings, including eating only kosher foods prepared in a designated way, observing the traditional Sabbath, segregating women and men in religious services, and wearing traditional clothing.

Orthodox

When Muslims bow toward Mecca, the holy city of Islam, five times a day at fixed times to pray to God, and Christians participate in the celebration of communion to commemorate the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, they are engaging in which of these: - mandated systems - magical thinking -supernatural rites -rituals

rituals

TRUE OR FALSE? The central themes in the teachings of Jesus are the kingdom of God and standards of personal conduct for adherents of Christianity. Jesus emphasized the importance of righteousness before God and of praying to the Supreme Being for guidance in the daily affairs of life.

Christianity

A central teaching of ____________________________ was that humans are by nature good and that they learn best by having an example or model person from which to learn.

Confucius

The Islamic notion of jihad, meaning "struggle," is a core belief. The _________________________________ is believed to be the internal struggle against sin within a person's heart.

Greater Jihad

____________________________________, whose followers are known as Muslims, is based on the teachings of its founder, Muhammad, who was born in Meca.

Islam

Anti-Semitism has been a continuing problem in the United States since the late 19th century. Like other forms of prejudice and discrimination, it has exacted a heavy toll on multiple generations of which of the following? - Native Americans - Jewish Americans -Americans who practice Islam -Japanese Americans

Jewish Americans

Although God guides human destiny, people are responsible for making their own ethical choices in keeping with His law; when they fail to act accordingly to the law, they have committed a sin; one day the Messiah will come to Earth, ushering in an age of peace and justice for all. This describes which relgion?

Judaism

According to the __________, those who have faith, perform good works, and achieve economic success are more likely to be among the chosen of God.

Protestant ethic

The system of beliefs and practices based on some sacred or supernatural realm that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a single moral community is called:

Religion

The Ten Commandments and discussions of moral, ceremonial, and cultural laws are contained in four books of the _____________________________ (the sacred book of contemporary Judaism): Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

Torah

The teachings of ________________________________ Buddhism and specifically those of the Dalai Lama, emphasize the doctrine of ahimsa, or non-harmfulness, and discourages violence and warfare.

Vajrayana

Name the loosely organized religious group with practices and teachings outside the dominant cultural and religious traditions of a society. Leadership is based on charismatic characteristics of the individual leader:

cult

A[n] _________________________________ is a large organized religion characterized by accommodation to society but frequently lacking in ability or intention to dominate society.

denomination

Hindu teachings is the belief that individual souls break free into the limitless atmosphere of illumination by discovering their own __________ (duties or responsibilities).

dharma

One of the best known religious leaders of modern times was Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhi, the champion of India's independence movement, who was devoted to the __________________________ ideals of nonviolence, honesty, and courage.

dharma

A[n] ________________________is a system of beliefs that calls upon adherents to follow an ideal way of life.

ethical religion

TRUE OR FALSE? Hinduism has no scriptures that are thought to be inspired by a god or gods and is not based on the teachings of any one person, religion scholars .

ethical religion

TRUE OR FALSE? The Islamic faith is based on the Talmud-the holy book of the Muslims, as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel at the command of God.

false

A traditional religious doctrine that is conservative, typically opposed to modernity, and rejects "worldly pleasure" in favor of otherworldly spirituality is known as:

fundamentalism

The argument over ________________________________ is the latest debate in a lengthy battle over the teaching of creationism versus evolutionism in public schools, and is only one of many arguments that will continue to take place regarding the appropriate relationship between public education and religion in the United States.

intelligent design

Central to Hindu teachings is the belief that individual souls enter the world and roam the universe until they break free into the limitless atmosphere of illumination known as:

moksha

_________________________is a belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world. Which society was the first to practice this?

monotheism

The ultimate goal of Hindu existence is entering the state of _____________________________--becoming liberated from the world by uniting the individual soul with the universal soul (Brahma).

nirvana

Name the category of religion, which refers to a belief in a god or gods:

polytheism

__________ refers to a belief in more than one god.

polytheism

The doctrine of _____________________________ is the belief that, even before they are born, all people are divided into two groups, the saved and the damned, and only God knows who will go to heaven (the elect) and who will go to hell.

predestination

The ________________________________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations.

profane

The Christian ritual of communion not only commemorates a historical event but also allows followers to participate in the unity of themselves with other believers. From a functionalist perspective, this ritual serves the function of:

promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging

What term does Emile Dukheim use to refer to those aspects of life that are extraordinary or supernatural-in other words, those things that are set apart as "holy."

sacred

The belief that human beings can become better through their own efforts rather than through belief in God and a religious conversion is known as:

secular humanism

The relationship between the individual and something larger than oneself, such as a broader sense of connection with the surrounding world, is referred to as:

spirituality

Name the main points of the teachings of Confucius:

taught that people must learn the importance of order in human relationships and must follow a strict code of moral conduct, including respect for others, benevolence, and reciprocity

TRUE OR FALSE? When Confucianism first emerged in India some twenty-five hundred years ago, it was thought of as a "new religious movement."

true