Chapter 18

Pheochromocytoma

Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky color Produce excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Increased hypertension and blood pressure.

Thyroid carcinoma

Cancer of the thyroid gland Radioactive iodine scans distinguish hyperfunctioning areas form hypofunctioning areas

Dwarfism

Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism

Panhypopituitarism

Deficiency of all pituitary hormones

Hypoparathyroidism

Deficient production of parathyroid hormone Results as calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream. This leads to muscle and nerve weakness w/ spasms of muscles, a condition called tetany (constant muscle contraction).

Hyperinsulinism

Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia Caused by overdose of insulin.

Hyperparathyroidism

Excessive production of parathormone Hypercalcemia occurs as calcium leaves the bones and enters the bloodstream, where it can produce damage to the kidneys and heart. Bones become decalcified w/ generalized loss of bone density and susceptibility to fractures and formation of cysts.

Adrenal virilism

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens Can cause virilization in adult women. S&S include amenorrhea, hirsutism (excessive hair on the face and body), acne, and deepening of the voice

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone Hypersecretion of ADH produces excess water retention in the body.

Cushing syndrome

Group of S&S produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex S&S include obesity, moon-like fullness of face, excessive deposition of fat in the thoracic region of the back, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, virilization, and hypertension.

Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities An excessive growth hormone is produced by adenomas of the pituitary gland that occur during adulthood. This excess GH stimulates the liver to secrete a hormone. Bones in the hands, feet, face, and jaw grow abnormally large, producing a characteristic "coarsened" facial appearance.

Gigantism

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues

Addison disease

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex When aldosterone and cortisol blood levels are low, the patient experiences generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes. An insufficient supply of cortisol signals the pituitary to secrete more ACTH, which increases pigmentation of scars, skin folds, and breast nipples.

Diabetes insipidus (DH)

Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone causes the kidney tubules to fail to hold back needed water and salts. Clinical manifestation include polyuria and polydipsia. Insipidus means tastelss, reflecting the condition of dilute urine, as opposed to mellitus, meaning sweet or like honey, reflecting the sugar content of urine in diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Insulin insufficiency or ineffectiveness prevents sugar from leaving the blood and entering the body cells, where it is used to produce energy

Hyperthyroidism

Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis Most common form of the condition is Graves disease. Because metabolism tends to be faster, the condition is marked by increase heart rate, higher body temp, hyperactivity, weight loss, diarrhea. Exophthalmos (protrusion of eyeball) occurs as a result of swelling tissue behind the eyeball

Hypthyroidism

Underactivity of the thyroid gland There are two examples of hypothyroidism called myxedema and cretinism. Myxedema is advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood. Atrophy and of the thyroid gland, practically no hormone production, and dryness and edema of the skin. In cretinism, extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth.