Chapter 18 - Algae

A resting cell commonly found in yellow-green algae, golden-brown algae, and diatoms is called a(n) ______.

statospore

The common name for members of the phylum Charophyta is the ______.

stoneworts

Which structures in the Polysiphonia life cycle look exactly alike? spermatangia tetrasporophyte tetrasporangia male gametophyte female gametophyte

tetrasporophyte male gametophyte female gametophyte

During Ulothrix asexual reproduction, any cell, except the holdfast, can condense inside a rigid cell wall, divide by mitosis, and produce ______.

zoospores

Many algae, including Chlamydomonas, undergo sexual reproduction and produce swimming, haploid ______ after meiosis.

zoospores

The type of sexual reproduction performed in Oedogonium is called ______.

oogamy

The red color of most red algae is due to the presence of pigments called ______.

phycobilins

A(n) ______ is a scientist that studies algae.

phycologist

Free-floating aquatic organisms that are mostly microscopic and make up the beginnings of food chains are called ______.

plankton

Chlamydomonas has a proteinaceous structure that synthesizes starch called a ______.

pyrenoid

A sudden multiplication of dinoflagellates, which causes a distinct color in the water, is called a(n) ______ ______.

red tide

In the diatom life cycle, what does an auxospore develop into?

A full size diatom

A green alga that is popular among scientists for its ease in culturing and possible use in space exploration is ______.

Chlorella

A widespread green alga that is easy to culture and has been used in many major investigations of photosynthesis and respiration is ______.

Chlorella

What phylum name would be used to refer to the green algae? Cryptophyta Rhodophyta Euglenophyta Chlorophyta Chromophyta

Chlorophyta

What phylum name would be used to refer to the yellow-green algae, golden-brown algae, diatoms, and brown algae?

Chromophyta

Which green alga, listed below, is thought to be an indirect ancestor to today's land plants?

Coleochaete

Which type of algae are biflagellated, unicellular, contain a single, two-lobed chloroplast, and have an extra vestigial nucleus?

Cryptomonads

Which group of algae most often causes red tides?

Dinoflagellates

True or false: During asexual reproduction, Spirogyra produces motile zoospores.

False

True or false: In general, the warmer the water, the greater the number of diatoms are present.

False

Choose all features of golden-brown algae. Motile cells have two flagella oriented in opposite directions. Most are freshwater plankton. They can have a photoreceptor. They have a specialized pigment called fucoxanthin. Motile cells have two flagella of unequal length inserted at right angles to each other.

Most are freshwater plankton. They can have a photoreceptor. Motile cells have two flagella of unequal length inserted at right angles to each other.

Choose all the seafood items below that would be the most likely cause of getting poisoned by dinoflagellate toxins. Mussel Clam Shrimp Lobster Bass fish Oyster

Mussel Clam Oyster

True or false: Many euglenoids are autotrophic and heterotrophic.

True

True or false: Oedogonium can reproduce asexually by means of zoospores or fragmentation.

True

A gelatinous substance called ______, is produced by red algae and is often used as a culture medium particularly for bacteria.

agar

The type of sexual reproduction seen in Spirogyra is called ______.

conjugation

Chlorella is a(n) ______.

edible algae that is high in protein and vitamins

Chlamydomonas is a ______ alga.

green

Many dinoflagellates produce toxins known as ______ which accumulate in shellfish and can be deadly for humans consuming those shellfish.

neurotoxins

Which of the following substances or products come from red algae?

agar

A phycologist studies ______.

algae

The gelatinous substance, ______, is produced by certain brown algae and is widely used in a variety of food and pharmaceutical products. It can make up as much as 40% of the dry mass of a kelp.

algin

Where are you most likely to find Oedogonium?

attached to aquatic plants

Dinoflagellates can produce a sparkling, shimmering glow called ______.

bioluminescence

What types of accessory chlorophylls that are present in diatoms. chlorophyll d chlorophyll e3 chlorophyll c1 chlorophyll a chlorophyll c2

chlorophyll c1 chlorophyll c2

The most striking feature of the green alga Spirogyra are the spiraled ______.

chloroplasts

Cryptomonads have a gullet with various projectile cells called ______.

ejectosomes

Coleochaete is a green alga that grows as a(n) ______, or an alga or plant that attaches itself in a nonparasitic manner to another living organism.

epiphyte

The alga Ulothrix consists of a single row of cylindrical cells that are attached end to end called a ______.

filament

Spirogyra reproduces asexually by a process called ______.

fragmentation

Vaucheria is a yellow-green alga, with a specialized pigment called ______.

fucoxanthin

When Fucus is in the diploid stage of its life cycle, ______, found within the conceptacles, are the structures where gametes are produced.

gametangia

The haptophytes have two flagella for propulsion and a third flagella, called a(n) ______, that functions in food capture.

haptonema

In Ulothrix sexual reproduction, gametes that come from two different filaments look the same. Sexual reproduction that produces such gametes is called ______.

isogamy

The type of sexual reproduction seen in Ulothrix is called _____.

isogamy

The main food reserve in brown algae is called ______.

laminarin

The chemical found in both algae and land plants, that functions in the mechanical strengthening of cell walls is called ______.

lignin

Examine the names below. Which common names for algae are included in the phylum Chromophyta? Dinoflagellates Brown algae Diatoms Green algae Golden-brown algae Yellow-green algae

Brown algae Diatoms Golden-brown algae Yellow-green algae

According to the fossil record, how long ago did green algae begin transitioning from living in water to living on land?

400 million years ago

______ is widely used in scientific laboratories around the world to solidify media for the growth of microorganisms.

Agar

Which of the following substances or products comes from brown algae? Algin Agar Nori Diatomaceous earth Carrageenan

Algin

______ earth is heavily used in many industries for filtration.

Diatomaceous

Which organism listed below is most likely to exhibit bioluminescence? Unpigmented true bacteria Dinoflagellates Molds Moss Amoebas

Dinoflagellates

Choose all of the algal phyla below where starch is the main food reserve. Dinophyta Euglenophyta Chlorophyta Chromophyta Prymnesiophyta Charophyta

Dinophyta Chlorophyta Charophyta

There are various terms used to describe the physical characteristics of a typical Euglena. Match the term below with its appropriate definition. Eyespot Paramylon body Pellicle Contractile vacuole Chloroplast

Eyespot -> A structure used for light detection Paramylon body -> A carbohydrate food reserve Pellicle -> The plasma membrane and the strips that lie below Contractile vacuole -> A structure involved in osmoregulation Chloroplast -> Site of photosynthesis

True or false: Plankton is mostly made up of macroscopic organisms.

False

Choose all organisms that can be harmed by neurotoxins secreted by dinoflagellates. Scallops Fish Oysters Birds Humans

Fish Birds Humans

Which of the following are uses of algin? Food products such as ice cream Paper manufacture Solidifying agent in microbiological media Filtration agent in many industries Drug suspensions

Food products such as ice cream Paper manufacture Drug suspensions

Choose all the physical characteristics below that describe diatoms. Carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch. Fucoxanthin is the dominant pigment in the cell. Most of the cell wall is cellulose. They contain a lengthwise groove called a raphe. They contain a central groove called a gullet. Carotene is the dominant pigment in the cell. Carbohydrates are stored in the form of laminarin. Most of the cell wall is silica.

Fucoxanthin is the dominant pigment in the cell. They contain a lengthwise groove called a raphe. Carbohydrates are stored in the form of laminarin. Most of the cell wall is silica.

What type of alga, from the phylum Chromophyta, have motile cells with two flagella inserted at right angles to each other and a photoreceptor on the shorter of the two flagella?

Golden-brown

Which member of the phylum Chromophyta are most likely to have stratospores? Golden-brown algae Diatoms Yellow-green algae Green algae Red algae Brown algae

Golden-brown algae Diatoms Yellow-green algae

What is the common name used to describe members of the phylum Chlorophyta?

Green algae

Which group of organisms listed below are thought to be the ancestors of green plants?

Green algae

Choose all features of members of the yellow-green algae. All known members have complex sexual cycles. In motile members, the flagella are oriented in opposite directions. Most are freshwater organism, with a few marine and terrestrial members. All members contain the brownish pigment fucoxanthin. They can produce zoopores during asexual reproduction.

In motile members, the flagella are oriented in opposite directions. Most are freshwater organism, with a few marine and terrestrial members. They can produce zoopores during asexual reproduction.

Which red alga is edible and is also used in bulking laxatives, cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations?

Irish moss

Choose all the statements below that describe features of Chlorella. It is studied as a possible candidate for use in space exploration. It is used to study photosynthesis and respiration. It is difficult to culture in a lab. It is used to study the evolution of the mitochondria. It is easy to culture in a lab. It is studied as a possible candidate for use in deep sea exploration.

It is studied as a possible candidate for use in space exploration. It is used to study photosynthesis and respiration. It is easy to culture in a lab.

Which of the following algae is an excellent source of iodine?

Kelp

Choose from the list below all the features that vary among the members of the Kingdom Protista. Life cycles Eukaryotic Motility Mode of nutrition

Life cycles Motility Mode of nutrition

Choose all of the features of diatomaceous earth. Grainy Light Porous Very low melting point Powdery

Light Porous Powdery

Choose all features of the haptophytes. Most are unicellular. They are usually covered with scales, which may contain cellulose. They have a variable number of flagella (2-5). They are much larger than other abundant members of plankton, such as diatoms and dinoflagellates. They have a haptonema, which functions in feeding.

Most are unicellular. They are usually covered with scales, which may contain cellulose. They have a haptonema, which functions in feeding.

Which of the green alga listed here is epiphytic and contains large, swollen reproductive cells?

Oedogonium

Choose all the characteristics below that describe a typical dinoflagellate. Multiple (>2) flagella Presence of an eyespot Silica cell walls Cellulose armor plates Two flagella No flagella

Presence of an eyespot Cellulose armor plates Two flagella

Choose all the characteristics below that are found in both algae and land plants. Production of lignin or lignin-like compounds Parenchyma cells A phragmoplast during mitosis A cell plate during cytokinesis Presence of true roots A protected embryo

Production of lignin or lignin-like compounds Parenchyma cells A phragmoplast during mitosis A cell plate during cytokinesis

Before eukaryotic organisms transitioned onto land about 400 million years ago, they lived exclusively in the water. Choose all the reasons why water was the preferable environment initially. Protections from large fluctuations in temperature Protection from UV radiation Access to sunlight Protection from dessication Absorption of nutrients Protection from flying predators

Protections from large fluctuations in temperature Protection from UV radiation Protection from dessication Absorption of nutrients

Below are structures or organelles found in Chlamydomonas. Match the structure with its function in a typical Chlamydomonas cell. Pyrenoid Flagella Contractile vacuoles Eyespot Chloroplasts Nucleus

Pyrenoid -> Synthesis of starch Flagella -> Motility Contractile vacuoles -> Osmoregulation Eyespot -> Light sensing Chloroplasts -> Light capturing Nucleus -> Houses DNA

To which phylum do the red algae belong?

Rhodophyta

Which algal phylum below has no flagella?

Rhodophyta

Which of the following has been used as a food source, on a limited scale, in Asian countries?

Sea lettuce

Which green alga has long, frilly, ribbon-shaped chloroplasts?

Spirogyra

Choose all the characteristics listed below that green algae and higher plants have in common.

Store food in the form of starch Presence of chlorophyll a Undergoing photosynthesis Presence of chlorophyll b

The brown algae have many terms that describe typical physical characteristics. Below, match the term with the appropriate definition. Thallus Blade Stipe Bladder Holdfast

Thallus -> The multicellular "body" form where no true leaves, stems, or roots exist Blade -> The conspicuous, flattened and leaf-like part of a seaweed Stipe -> The supporting stalk Bladder -> Gas-filled floats Holdfast -> An attachment organ at the base of an algal body

In diatoms, cells can divide by mitosis to create new cells. Eventually however, a cell will undergo meiosis. Why would a cell undergo meiosis?

The cell is too small.

Choose all the characteristics below that are typical for most red algae. They can live in shallow or deep waters. Most have a filamentous body form. They prefer to live in colder waters. Most red algae are unicellular. Like the brown algae, red algae form very large kelps. They prefer to live in warmer waters.

They can live in shallow or deep waters. Most have a filamentous body form. They prefer to live in warmer waters.

What does it mean for a member of the Kingdom Protista to be "motile"?

To be capable of spontaneous movement