Chapter 18: Blood
Choose the discipline that specifically deals with the study of blood.
Hematology
Which term refers to the component of hemoglobin that binds oxygen?
Heme
Name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH.
Hemoglobin
The most common type in the adult; contains two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains.
Hemoglobin HbA
About 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two delta globin chains.
Hemoglobin HbA2
Fetal hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly.
Hemoglobin HbF
Which clinical measurements express the blood's ability to carry oxygen? WBC count Hemoglobin concentration Platelet count Hematocrit RBC count
Hemoglobin concentration Hematocrit RBC count
List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes.
Hemopoietic stem cell --> colony-forming unit--> erythroblast
Severe extensive burns, starvation and liver disease can lead to which of the following?
Hypoproteinemia
How is fetal hemoglobin functionally different than adult hemoglobin?
It binds oxygen more effectively.
Which are functions of the circulatory system? It carries oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues and CO2 from peripheral tissues to the lungs. It helps to stabilize fluid distribution in the body. It absorbs lipids through lacteals in the digestive system. It neutralizes toxins and helps to destroy pathogens.
It carries oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues and CO2 from peripheral tissues to the lungs. It helps to stabilize fluid distribution in the body. It neutralizes toxins and helps to destroy pathogens.
Why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?
It produces most of the plasma proteins.
The buffy coat is about 1% of the blood volume and is comprised of which of the following?
Leukocytes Platelets
Which organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins?
Liver
Decreased blood osmolarity could cause which of the following? Low blood pressure Edema Increased reabsorption of tissue fluid Increased blood viscosity
Low blood pressure Edema
Due to menstrual losses, higher body fat and diminished androgen production, RBC count and hemoglobin concentration tend to be different in women and men. How are these values different in women? Lower iron levels and higher hematocrit values Higher iron levels Higher hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC values Lower hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC values
Lower hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC values
Where does lymphoid hemopoiesis occur?
Lymphatic organs
Urea is an example of which of the following?
Nitrogenous waste
Which are transported in plasma? Nitrogenous wastes Bile Nutrients Dissolved gases
Nitrogenous wastes Nutrients Dissolved gases
Which property of blood is defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall?
Osmolarity
Which produces gamma globulins?
Plasma cells
What is serum? Antibodies produced in response to a foreign antigen Liquid component of the blood Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed Fluid that circulates in the capillary bed
Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed
Choose the components of blood.
Platelets White blood cells Plasma Red blood cells
What is the role of plasma cells in the blood?
Produce gamma globulins Plasma cells are descended from B lymphocytes and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes? About 20 mL of packed RBCs are produced per day. Production of red blood cells takes about one month. About one million red blood cells are formed per second. An erythrocyte lives for an average of 120 days.
Production of red blood cells takes about one month. Reason: Recall that production of red blood cells normally takes 3 to 5 days.
Edema and ascites can both occur due to which of the following?
Protein deficiency
refers to a condition with abnormally high plasma protein
Protein deficiency
How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells? Select all that apply. RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. A reticulocyte doesn't have a nucleus; a RBC does. Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not.
RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not.
Blood loss stimulates accelerated erythropoiesis. This may cause an increase in which of the following?
Reticulocytes
Which of the following is the most common ion found in the blood?
Sodium
Albumin plays a role in which of the following? Solute transport pH buffering of plasma Immune defense Maintenance of osmolarity
Solute transport pH buffering of plasma Maintenance of osmolarity
Which are functions of the circulatory system? Stabilization of body fluid pH Regulation of body temperature Transportation of nutrients and gases Formation and elimination of urine
Stabilization of body fluid pH Regulation of body temperature Transportation of nutrients and gases
What is the role of erythropoietin?
Stimulates RBC production
The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe which of the following? The amount of oxygen the blood can carry A person's risk for diabetes Whether the immune system is competent Whether there is an infection
The amount of oxygen the blood can carry
What is colloid osmotic pressure?
The contribution of protein to the total blood osmotic pressure
The term hemopoiesis refers to which of the following?
The production of blood, especially the formed elements
Why do red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?
They lack mitochondria (where aerobic respiration is generally performed)
Choose some functions of plasma proteins. Primary source of energy Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones Clotting Immune defense
Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones Clotting Immune defense
True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die
True
Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?
Urea
What is the main component of blood plasma by weight?
Water
How are plasma components continuously replaced in the body? Water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract Pluripotent cells secrete all components of plasma Gamma globulins are produced by plasma cells Most plasma proteins are produced by the liver
Water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract Gamma globulins are produced by plasma cells Most plasma proteins are produced by the liver
The clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. Choose three factors from the list below that help explain the difference. Women sustain menstrual losses Androgens stimulate RBC production Women have smaller hearts Men have less body fat
Women sustain menstrual losses Androgens stimulate RBC production Men have less body fat
is the most abundant plasma protein. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
albumin
Hematology is the study of which of the following?
blood
Red blood cells are also called ______.
erythrocytes
A blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein ______.
fibrin
The percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes is called the
hematocrit
The protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH is ______.
hemoglobin
Transferrin is a type of (β) globulin. What does it transport?
iron
The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and
lymphocytes
The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called __________________ hemopoiesis.
myeloid
By volume, which forms the highest percentage of blood?
plasma
The main components of blood are a fluid portion called ____________ and formed elements that include the blood cells.
plasma
______ is the fluid component of blood, a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases.
plasma
Hemoglobin is a ______ pigment.
red
How long does erythropoiesis take to complete?
3-5 days
A single molecule of hemoglobin can transport how many molecule(s) of oxygen?
4
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
4
One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following? 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups 2 globin chains and 2 heme groups 4 globin chains and 1 heme group 1 globin chain and 1 heme group
4 globin chains and 4 heme groups
Which would be a normal hematocrit?
45%
Which are cytoskeletal components that improve the resilience and durability of red blood cells?
Actin and spectrin
What are the three primary types of plasma proteins?
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
Choose the types of globulin found in human plasma.
Alpha Gamma Beta
Carbohydrates, proteins, and water (as well as some other nutrients) are transported from the digestive system to the body's cells in which of the following fluids?
Blood plasma
The cardiovascular (not circulatory) system includes which of the following?
Blood vessels Heart
How do blood-viscosity reducing drugs increase blood flow?
By making the blood thinner and less sticky
How does hemoglobin transport CO2?
CO2 binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin.
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction combining water and CO2 to form carbonic acid.
Carbonic anhydrase
Describe normal erythrocytes. Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen Have a biconcave shape Contain mitochondria and other organelles Have a complex nucleus
Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen Have a biconcave shape reason: recall that during maturation erythrocytes lose their nucleus and other organelles
Match each component of blood with its description. Contains erythrocytes, Contains WBC and platelets, Fluid portion of the blood Hematocrit, Plasma, Buffy coat
Contains erythrocytes - Hematocrit Contains WBC and platelets - Buffy coat matches Fluid portion of the blood - Plasma
Which would directly reduce blood viscosity?
Decreased hematocrit Protein deficiency
In addition to water, blood plasma consists of which of the following? Erythrocytes and leukocytes Platelets Electrolytes and nutrients Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
Electrolytes and nutrients Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
What is the most abundant formed element of the blood?
Erythrocytes
Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?
Erythrocytes
Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?
Erythrocytes
True or false: All the components of blood originate in the bone marrow.
False Formed elements originate in the bone marrow, but the components of plasma do not. Most plasma proteins originate in the liver; water and nutrients are absorbed in the digestive tract; gamma globulins are produced by plasma cells.
Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?
Fibrinogen
Which plasma component is not present in serum?
Fibrinogen
Hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?
Formed elements
Which type of plasma protein is subdivided into three classes, alpha, beta, and gamma?
Globulin
Match each alpha globulin to its role. Haptoglobulin, Ceruloplasmin, Prothrombin Transports copper, Promotes blood clotting, Transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes
Haptoglobulin - Transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes Ceruloplasmin - Transports copper Prothrombin - Promotes blood clotting
The circulatory system consists of which of the following?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
