Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System- Blood
In healthy adult, what percentage of leukocytes will be basophils
0.5-1%
An average of about ___ of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day.
1%
A neutrophil is about ___ times larger in diameter than an erythrocytes; is named for its neutral or pale-staining ___; and has a light lilac colored ___
1.5... granules...cytosol
A platelet is about ___ the size of an erythrocyte
1/4 (one quarter)
Which best describes the nucleus of a mature neutrophil
2-5 lobes, dark-staining
In a healthy adult, what percentage of leukocytes will be lymphocytes
20-40%
Basophils are about ___ times larger in diameter in than erythrocytes, and while erythrocytes are the most abundent formed elements, basophils are the ___ amendment
2; least
Monocytes may be as much as ___ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes.
3
Place the following cells in the order in which they over in the erythrocyte developmental pathway: 1- erythroblast 2- erythrocyte 3- proerythroblast 4- normoblast 5- reticulocyte
3, 1, 4, 5, 2
About what percent of plasma is made of plasma proteins
7%
By weight, plasma is approximately ___% protein and 92% water; other substances such as electrolytes, nutrients, gases and wastes make up a little less than ___% of plasma
7...1
The erthrocytes of an individual who is Rh negative (Rh) ___ antigen D
Do not have
In the figure, which leukocyte is a monocyte
E
Identify components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid
Electrolytes Nutrients, Waste products
Deconstruction of the medical term for red blood cell reveals that the prefix ___ means 'red', and the suffix ___ means cell
Erthyros...kytes
___ live, on average, for 120 days
Erythrocytes
___ transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues and the lungs
Erythrocytes
Identify the general classes of membrane-bound components of whole blood
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Match each type of formed element with its life span
Erythrocytes- 120 days. Platelets- 8-10 days. Leukocytes- hours to years.
Following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, ___ is converted into long, insoluble strands of ___, which help form a blood clot
Fibrinogen...fibrin
The destruction of the fibrin of the blood clot is called
Fibrinolysis
Match each substance that stimulates the development of blood stem cells with its function
G-CSF- speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes from myeloblasts. GM-CSF- speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cell M-CSF- stimulates production of monocytes from monoblasts. thrombopoirtin- stimulates the production of megakaryocytes and piatelets erythropoietin- speeds up production of erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblasts.
Leukopoiesis involves three different types of maturation processes; ___ maturation, ___ maturation, ___ maturation.
Granulocyte Monocyte Lymphocyte
all of the circled cells in this figure are ___
Granulocytes Leukocytes
When a person's eosinophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently
Had an allergic reaction (to pollen, for example) Been infected by a parasitic worm
The medical terms that refer to the synthesis of formed elements is ___
Hematopoiesis Hemopoiesis
Associated with each globin polypeptide of hemoglobin is a ring-shaped, non-protein structure called a ___ group, at the center of which is ___
Heme; an iron ion
Match each stem cell with the formed elements that will develop from each.
Hemocytoblast: all formed elements. Myeloid stem cell: erythrocytes, granulocytes, platelets, monocytes. Lymphoid stem cell: leukocytes of the immune response.
The consequences of the clumping of erythrocytes in an agglutination reaction include
Hemolysis or rupture of the erythrocytes Impedance of blood flow by the clumped erythrocytes Blockage of small blood vessels by the clumps.
Match each type of anemia on the left with the description on the right
Hemorhagic anemia- occurs with blood loss from a bleeding ulcer, or heavy menstrual flow, for example. Premicious anemia-results from lack of production of gastric intrinsic factor and the resulting inability to absorb vitamin B12. Aplastic anemia- is due to damage to red bone marrow following exposure to radiation, poison, or toxin.
Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. What type of substance is released by basophils?
Heparin, an anticoagulant Histamine, a vaodilator
Blood, in the form of leukocytes and plasma proteins protects the body against potentially harmful substances which are also part of the _____ system
Immune
Identify the result of the sympathetic response to blood loss
Increased heart rate Increased force of heart contraction
Hemoglobin
Is a protein Is a pigment, Is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes Transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide
Leukemia
Is cancer or malignancy in leukocyte-forming stem cells Is characterized by abnormal proliferation of white blood cells Is characterized by abnormal development of leukocytes
Compared to water, blood
Is more viscous
Which of the following correctly describe erythropoietin
It is produces in the kidneys It is a hormone It stimulates development of erythrocytes
Monocytes become active phagocytic cells called
Macrophages
The cells in the organs that remove old damaged erythrocytes
Macrophages
List the five types of leukocytes in order from most to least abundant
Neutrophiles Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
The number of ___ in a person's blood rises dramatically in the presence of a chronic bacterial infection, as more are produced that target of bacteria
Neutrophils
A blood sample containing erythrocytes with neither surface antigen A nor surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type
O
Match each blood type with the correct description of the surface antigens and antibodies for that blood type
O+: anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D. AB+: ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B, Rh antigen D A-: ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies B+: ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies, Rh antigen D O-: anti-A antibodies, and anti-B antibodies AB-: ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B A+: ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D B-: ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies
When the maximum amount of oxygen is being transported by blood - that is, when blood is saturated with oxygen - it is said to be __.
Oxygenated
Which of the following describes the function(s) of eosinophils
Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
Match the quantities on the left with the components of whole blood with which they correspond on the right.
Plasma- 55%. Formed elements- 45%. Erythrocytes- 44%. Leukocytes and platelets- <1%.
The liquid portion of whole blood is called ___; the liquid portion of the blood that has had clotting proteins removed is called ___
Plasma...serum
___ live an average of 8-10 days
Platelets
___ are cell fragments and have never had nucleus as they are produced in red bone marrow by ___
Platelets...Megakaryocytes
The bone marrow cell from which all formed elements are derived is considered to be a ___ because many, but not all, body cells can develop from it
Pluripotent stem cell
Antibodies
Recognize antigens that are not normally found in your plasma Are proteins Recognize and immobilize foreign antigens
Platelets are produced in the ___
Red bone marrow
What types of regulatory functions are performed by blood?
Regulation of pH tissue fluid Regulation of body temperature Regulation of body fluid levels
Match each class of plasma protein with its relative amount of the plasma protein total.
Regulatory proteins- <1%. Albumins- 58%. Globulins- 37%. Fibrinogen- 4%.
Identify the Rh blood type of sample (1) in the image. Sample 1 is middle column
Rh+, exposed to Rh- blood Rh+, never exposed to Rh- blood
Administration of ___ to an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ fetus prevents the synthesis of anti-D antibodies to Rh+ fetal erythrocytes during pregnancy
RhoGAM Special immuoglobulins
Identify the substance that stimulates events in the platelet developmental pathway
Thrombopoietin
When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein ___ and stored in the liver by the protein ___
Transferrin...Ferritin
Order the steps of hemostasis
Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation phase
Identify the types of substances transported by blood
Waste products Hormones Formed elements Dissolved materials Ions
A plasma protein called the von ___ factor, helps create the platelet plug
Williebrand
The term hematocrit is composed of the prefix, hemato-, which means relating to the ___, and the suffix -crit, derived from krino, which means to ___
blood...separate
"The percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood" is the ___ definition of hematocrit, wheras "the percentage of formed elements in whole blood" is the ___ definition of hematocrit
clinical; medical dictionary
Correctly spell the name of each type of formed element: ___, ___, and ___
erythrocytes...leukocytes...platelets
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of ___ oxygen molecules
four
When a lymphocyte is activated, its thin rim of blue-gray cytosol will ___ in volume and thus the size of the lymphocytes will ___
increase; increase
In the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-B, and not the anti-A antibodies, the ABO blood type is ___
A
How long does a vascular spasm usually last?
A few minutes
Conditions that may results in an elevation in the number of leukocytes in the bloodstream include
A recent infection Stress
If the plasma of a blood sample contains neither anti-A nor the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is ___
AB
Leukocytes are classified according to
whether or not cytoplasmic granules are visible when the cells in the blood smear are stained.
___ are leukocytes that have such small specific granules in their cytosol that they are not clearly visible under the light microscope
Agranulocytes
___ exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
Albumins
Match each globulin with its descriptions
Alpha globulins: small; transport lipids and hormones. Beta globulins: large; transport hormones and lipids. Gamma globulins: also known as antibodies; produced by immune cells and can bind to antigens of pathogens.
Which of the following describe(s) lymphocyte maturation
B-lymphoblasts develops into B- lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes develops into T lymphoblasts
Match the components of whole blood, indicated in the figure, with their description
B: "buffy coat" C: erythrocytes A: plasma
In the illustration, sample (1) is ABO blood type ___ and sample (2) is ABO blood type ___
B; AB
When a person's lymphocyte count is elevated, they have recently
Been infected by foreign cells Had the flu
Which of the following best describes the nucleus of an eosinophil
Bilobed, dark-staining, surrounded by reddish cytoplasmic granules
In the figure, which leukocyte is an eosinophil
C
In which portion of a sample of whole blood will you find the antigens that determine in individual's ABO blood type?
C
Place the cells of the monocyte development and maturation pathway in order (follow red arrows in figure) 1- hemaocytoblast 2- monoblast 3- monocyte 4- myeloid stem cell 5- progenitor cell 6- promonocyte
1, 4, 5, 2, 6, 3
Order the events that occur during the intrinsic pathway to coagulation
1- Platelets release factor XII. 2- Factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX. 3- Factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X.
When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins and erythrocyte membrane proteins
Are broken down into amino acids that can be used to make new proteins.
Which of the following describes the function(s) of lymphocytes?
Attack abnormal body cells Coordinate immune responses
A blood sample containing erythrocytes with only surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type
B
In the figure, which leukocyte is a neutrophil
B
In the figure, which test indicates incompatibility between donor and recipient blood types
B
Match each type of lymphocyte with its functions
B lymphocyte-become plasma cells and produce antibodies T lymphocyte-manage and direct immune responses; attack infected body cells and foreign (transplanted) cells Natural killer cell-attack abnormal and infected body cells
