Chapter 18 Example Questions
Match the acid-base disorder in the first column with its characteristic treatment in the second column. _____ 1. metabolic acidosis _____ 2. metabolic alkalosis _____ 3. respiratory acidosis _____ 4. respiratory alkalosis A. improve ventilation B. administer bicarbonate C. reduce respiratory rate, allow rise in D. no treatment for pH below 7.55; for above pH 7.55, administer ammonium chloride
1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
Match the region of the nephron in the first column with its primary function in the second column. _____ 1. renal corpuscle _____ 2. distal convoluted tubule _____ 3. papillary duct _____ 4. collecting duct _____ 5. proximal convoluted A. conduction of urine to minor calyx B. reabsorption of ions, vitamins, water, and organic molecules C. reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion of acids D. reabsorption of water and sodium ions E. filtration of plasma to initiate urine formation tubule
1-E, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D, 5-B
If through injury, both the blood flow to the kidneys and the glomerular filtration pressure decrease, which of the following will likely occur? A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated. B) Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited. C) Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries and vasodilation of the efferent arterioles will occur simultaneously. D) Obligatory water reabsorption will decrease. E) The amount of ADH released in the blood will decrease.
A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated.
Where does exchange among the subdivisions of the ECF primarily occur? A) across the endothelial lining of capillaries B) through the lymphatic vessels C) through the CNS ventricles D) in the cytosol of cells E) in the pericardial cavity
A) across the endothelial lining of capillaries
Which is an important compound in body fluids, one that dissociates to produce hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions? A) carbonic acid B) fatty acid C) amino acid D) ketone bodies E) lactic acid
A) carbonic acid
Regulation of the amounts of water, sodium ions, and potassium ions lost in the urine occurs between the nephron loop and the ________. A) collecting system B) distal convoluted tubule C) renal corpuscle D) proximal convoluted tubule E) Bowman's capsule
A) collecting system
Inflammation of the lining of the bladder is called ________. A) cystitis B) pyelitis C) urethritis D) nephrolithiasis E) nephritis
A) cystitis
Which of the following are components of a renal corpuscle? A) glomerulus and glomerular capsule B) glomerulus and renal tubule C) glomerular capsule and renal tubule D) renal tubule and collecting tubule E) pyramid and glomerulus
A) glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Major calyces are A) large branches that combine to form the renal pelvis. B) expanded ends of nephrons. C) basic functional layers of the kidney. D) the site of exit for the ureter. E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.
A) large branches that combine to form the renal pelvis.
Any condition accompanied by severe kidney damage can result in ________, the second most common acid-base disorder. A) metabolic acidosis B) metabolic alkalosis C) respiratory acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis E) pyelonephritis
A) metabolic acidosis
Organic acids, or metabolic acids, are generated during the normal process of ________. A) metabolism B) metabolic generation of water C) exhalation D) reabsorption E) active secretion
A) metabolism
Water reabsorption occurs passively through the process of ________. A) osmosis B) simple diffusion C) active transport D) facilitated diffusion E) pinocytosis
A) osmosis
To achieve fluid balance, ion concentration gradients are eliminated by A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) active transport. D) pinocytosis. E) facilitated diffusion.
A) osmosis.
Which of the following is aldosterone able to affect? A) regulation of body fluid concentration along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct B) osmotic flow of water in the proximal convoluted tubule C) removal of wastes through the entire renal tubule D) pH regulation E) formation of plasma proteins
A) regulation of body fluid concentration along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
In which renal component does urine production begin? A) renal cortex B) renal medulla C) minor calyx D) renal papilla E) renal pelvis
A) renal cortex
Hypoventilation is usually the cause of A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. E) hyponatremia.
A) respiratory acidosis.
Regarding sodium balance, which is(are) the most important site(s) for regulating sodium ion losses? A) the kidneys B) the lungs C) the urinary bladder D) the liver E) the digestive tract
A) the kidneys
Organs of the urinary system that are actively involved with urine transport are the A) urethra and ureters. B) kidneys and bladder. C) ureters and kidneys. D) urethra and bladder. E) kidneys and urethra.
A) urethra and ureters.
At the nephron, angiotensin II triggers ________ to elevate glomerular pressures and glomerular filtration rates. A) vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles B) vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles C) vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta D) vasodilation of the efferent arterioles E) the release of ANP
A) vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney: 1 - afferent arteriole 2 - arcuate artery 3 - interlobar artery 4 - renal artery 5 - glomerulus 6 - interlobular artery 7 - efferent arteriole 8 - peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8. B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8. D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
Which of the following will likely occur if glomerular blood pressure falls significantly? A) Excretion of waste products will increase. B) Kidney filtration will stop. C) There will be no effect on pH control. D) Active secretion will occur normally in the distal convoluted tubule. E) The renin-angiotensin system is unaffected.
B) Kidney filtration will stop.
When one eats a high-sodium meal, why does it not raise the sodium ion concentration of body fluids? A) The osmolarity of the ECF falls. B) Osmosis moves water from the digestive epithelium to the ECF. C) Both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute. D) There is an increase in the volume of the ICF. E) Water is exchanged for sodium chloride as it crosses the digestive epithelium.
B) Osmosis moves water from the digestive epithelium to the ECF.
Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney(s)? A) There is one kidney deep to the liver. B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal. C) The left kidney is lower than the right. D) The kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall. E) The kidneys lie in the pelvic cavity, and only their superior surfaces are covered by a layer of peritoneum.
B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal.
The renal pyramid is A) the outermost layer of kidney tissue. B) a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla. C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus. D) a large branch of the renal pelvis. E) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.
B) a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla.
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) filtration. B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. C) secretion of acids and ammonia. D) secretion of drugs. E) adjustment of urine volume.
B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
Potassium ion secretion along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct is stimulated by A) ADH. B) aldosterone. C) EPO. D) ANP. E) cortisol.
B) aldosterone.
The detrusor muscle A) moves urine through the ureters. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) exclusively functions as the internal urethral sphincter. D) exclusively functions as the external urethral sphincter. E) is located in the renal pelvis.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
The cup-shaped chamber, or the expanded end of a nephron, is known as the A) glomerulus. B) glomerular capsule. C) proximal convoluted tubule. D) distal convoluted tubule. E) loop of Henle.
B) glomerular capsule.
ADH is released by cells in the ________. A) juxtaglomerular complex B) hypothalamus C) heart D) adrenal glands E) macula densa
B) hypothalamus
The term incontinence refers to the A) inability to void (expel) urine. B) inability to control urination voluntarily. C) inability to control kidney function. D) process of urinating. E) process of urine production.
B) inability to control urination voluntarily.
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases, A) the rate of sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT decreases. B) less urine is produced. C) less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct. D) the water content of urine increases. E) the sensation of thirst is inhibited.
B) less urine is produced.
Intracellular fluid contains an abundance of A) chloride and potassium. B) potassium and phosphate. C) sodium and phosphate. D) potassium and sulfate. E) magnesium and bicarbonate.
B) potassium and phosphate.
The principal cation in the ICF is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) chloride.
B) potassium.
Reabsorption of glucose occurs mostly in the A) renal sinus. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) nephron loop. E) renal corpuscle.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
Urine is temporarily stored by the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra.
B) urinary bladder.
In response to decreased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys would likely produce A) a normal volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. D) urine with a normal pH average of 6. E) urine with less urea.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
Choose the correct statement regarding the extracelullar fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF). A) The kinds and amounts of dissolved electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, and waste products within each ECF subdivision or component are the same. B) Exchange between the ICF and ECF occurs across plasma membranes by osmosis only. C) The osmotic concentrations of the ICF and ECF are identical. D) Minor components of the ECF include lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, and the cytosol. E) The ICF has an abundance of sodium, potassium, phosphate, and chloride ions.
C) The osmotic concentrations of the ICF and ECF are identical.
If the extracellular fluid (ECF) becomes hypotonic with respect to the intracellular fluid (ICF), which event will likely occur? A) Water will move from the cells into the ECF. B) Metabolic generation of water occurs. C) Water will move from the ECF into the cells. D) The volume of the ICF will decrease. E) A large change in the osmotic concentration of the ECF occurs.
C) Water will move from the ECF into the cells.
Roughly 98% of the potassium content of the body lies within which of the following? A) lymph B) cerebrospinal fluid C) cytosol D) serous fluids E) aqueous humor
C) cytosol
ADH promotes increased water permeability of the A) loop of Henle. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) papillary duct. E) minor calyx.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting system is the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) loop of Henle. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
Which component of the ECF is the largest in both males and females? A) lymph B) plasma C) interstitial fluid D) synovial fluid E) cerebrospinal fluid
C) interstitial fluid
The visceral epithelium, which covers the glomerular capillaries of the glomerular capsule, consists of A) capillary endothelium. B) lamina densa. C) podocytes. D) the basement membrane of the capillaries. E) capsular space.
C) podocytes.
Management of renal failure involves restriction of water and salt intake and regulating daily caloric intake. This approach helps to lessen the strain on the urinary system by A) maximizing the volume of urine produced. B) preventing any increase in blood plasma pH. C) preventing the generation of large quantities of nitrogenous waste products. D) increasing dietary protein intake. E) preventing the excretion of any organic waste products.
C) preventing the generation of large quantities of nitrogenous waste products.
By adjusting the volume of water lost in urine, and releasing erythropoietin and renin, the urinary system specifically functions in A) helping to stabilize blood pH. B) conserving valuable nutrients. C) regulating blood pressure. D) regulating plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and other ions. E) controlling the concentration of calcium ions.
C) regulating blood pressure.
The large, funnel-shaped chamber that connects to the ureter is called the A) medulla. B) renal column. C) renal pelvis. D) nephron. E) calyx.
C) renal pelvis.
Considering the spatial relationship of the kidneys, the ________ kidney often sits slightly ________ than the ________ kidney. A) left; lower; right B) left; more anterior; right C) right; lower; left D) right; higher; left E) right; more posterior; left
C) right; lower; left
The most abundant cation in the ECF is A) chloride. B) potassium. C) sodium. D) bicarbonate. E) calcium.
C) sodium.
The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in A) the plasma. B) lymph. C) the cytosol. D) the interstitial spaces. E) the cerebrospinal fluid.
C) the cytosol.
The mechanism for regulating pH that plays only a supporting role in the ECF but is quite important in pH control of the ICF is A) protein buffers. B) the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. C) the phosphate buffer system. D) changes in the rate and depth of breathing. E) metabolic generation.
C) the phosphate buffer system.
The micturition reflex begins to function when A) the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons. B) the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons. C) the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons. D) the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons. E) the stretch receptors are initially distorted.
C) the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons.
Why does the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla contain an unusually high solute concentration? A) The cells of the juxtaglomerular complex secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin. B) The collecting system reabsorbs water and reabsorbs or secretes sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions. C) The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid. D) The ascending limb of the nephron loop is not permeable to water and solutes. E) The filtration slits between the slender processes of the podocytes prevent the passage of blood cells and most plasma proteins.
D) The ascending limb of the nephron loop is not permeable to water and solutes.
Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of ________ across the digestive tract with rates of ________ at the kidneys. A) excretion; secretion B) filtration; absorption C) secretion; filtration D) absorption; loss E) osmosis; gain
D) absorption; loss
Which of the following is a primary function of the distal convoluted tubule? A) reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid B) conduction of urine to the minor calices C) adjusts the tubular fluid's composition and determines the final osmotic concentration and volume of the urine D) active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins E) filtration of plasma to initiate urine formation
D) active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
Renal columns are A) internal cavities of the fibrous capsule located in the area of the hilus. B) the expanded ends of the ureters. C) the basic functional units of the kidney. D) bands of the renal cortex that extend toward the renal sinus. E) conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla.
D) bands of the renal cortex that extend toward the renal sinus.
The most important factor affecting the pH of body fluids is the concentration of A) lactic acid. B) ketone bodies. C) organic acids. D) carbon dioxide. E) hydrochloric acid.
D) carbon dioxide.
Which are the principal anions in the ECF? A) magnesium and potassium B) sodium and potassium C) phosphate and chloride D) chloride and bicarbonate E) magnesium and bicarbonate
D) chloride and bicarbonate
Which process is the vital first step essential to all kidney functions? A) active secretion B) reabsorption of nutrients C) reabsorption of water form the tubular fluid D) glomerular filtration E) excretion of metabolic waste products
D) glomerular filtration
The renal ________ is the site at which the renal artery and renal nerve enter and the renal vein exits. A) cortex B) medulla C) column D) hilum E) sinus
D) hilum
What is the primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system? A) buffer the pH of the ICF B) contribute to the regulation of pH in both the ECF and ICF C) provide extensive buffering capability in the ICF of active cells D) prevent pH changes caused by organic (metabolic) acids E) provide the use of amino acid side groups in response to pH changes, by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions
D) prevent pH changes caused by organic (metabolic) acids
The kidneys A) transport urine, as well as semen, in males. B) are covered by a layer of muscularis mucosa. C) conduct urine to the exterior. D) produce urine. E) temporarily stores urine prior to elimination.
D) produce urine.
In the loop of Henle, A) active secretion of acids, ammonia, and drugs occurs. B) ion pumps, which respond to aldosterone, exist. C) reabsorption of ions, amino acids, water, and other organic nutrients is its primary function. D) reabsorption of half of the remaining water, as well as two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions remaining in the tubular fluid, occurs. E) final adjustments are made in the composition and concentration of the tubular fluid.
D) reabsorption of half of the remaining water, as well as two-thirds of the sodium and chloride ions remaining in the tubular fluid, occurs.
Filtration is ________. A) movement of fluid from the peritubular fluid to the tubular fluid B) the process in which useful organic molecules, nutrients, or water are reclaimed C) a highly selective process D) the process in which blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the surrounding capsular space E) a process that can further decrease the plasma concentration of undesirable materials, including many drugs
D) the process in which blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the surrounding capsular space
When the level of potassium ions in the ECF increases, A) osmoreceptors swell. B) ions are conserved. C) less ADH is released. D) there is an increase in the level of aldosterone. E) there is a decrease in the level of atrial natriuretic peptide.
D) there is an increase in the level of aldosterone.
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by A) stratified squamous epithelium. B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium. C) simple cuboidal epithelium. D) transitional epithelium. E) simple columnar epithelium.
D) transitional epithelium.
Which of the following transports urine from the kidney toward the bladder? A) small intestine B) prostate C) liver D) ureter E) urethra
D) ureter
If the peripheral capillary beds become constricted, A) blood flow into the efferent arteriole will increase. B) blood pressure in the renal arteries will increase. C) GFR will increase. D) vasodilation of the efferent arteriole will occur. E) the sensation of thirst will be inhibited.
D) vasodilation of the efferent arteriole will occur.
Following is a list of components of the renal tubule system. 1 - ascending limb of nephron loop 2 - ureter 3 - distal convoluted tubule 4 - descending limb of nephron loop 5 - minor calyx 6 - proximal convoluted tubule 7 - papillary duct 8 - renal pelvis Choose the correct order of components through which the initial filtrate of urine flows from the renal corpuscle and is conducted to the urethra to be excreted as urine. A) 4-1-6-3-7-5-8-2 B) 3-4-1-6-5-8-7-2 C) 6-1-4-3-5-7-8-2 D) 3-1-4-6-8-7-5-2 E) 6-4-1-3-7-5-8-2
E) 6-4-1-3-7-5-8-2
Urine ejection cannot occur unless which event(s) takes place? A) Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are contracted. B) The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed, and the external urethral sphincter is contracted. C) The internal urethral sphincter is contracted, and the external urethral sphincter is relaxed. D) Only the internal urethral sphincter is contracted. E) Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are relaxed.
E) Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are relaxed.
Which is true regarding the general characteristics of normal urine? A) The bacterial titer is very high. B) Normal pH range is 2 to 4.5. C) Normal range of volume is 2500 - 3500 mL/day. D) Normal urine is typically 65% water content. E) The osmolarity of normal urine ranges from 855 - 1335 mOsm/L.
E) The osmolarity of normal urine ranges from 855 - 1335 mOsm/L.
Throughout most of the distal convoluted tubule, the tubular cells A) actively transport urea out of the tubular fluid. B) actively reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate. C) reclaim 60-70% of the volume of filtrate at the glomerulus. D) are impermeable both to water and to solutes. E) actively transport sodium ions out of the tubular fluid in exchange for potassium ions or hydrogen ions.
E) actively transport sodium ions out of the tubular fluid in exchange for potassium ions or hydrogen ions.
The vasa recta A) surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron. B) are blood vessels that supply the renal cortex. C) are the blood vessels through which blood reaches each nephron. D) form the capillary network contained in the Bowman's capsule of the renal corpuscle. E) are long, straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop deep into the renal medulla.
E) are long, straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop deep into the renal medulla.
ANP release is stimulated when A) angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. B) the rate of sodium ion reabsorption along the distal convoluted tubule is decreased. C) urinary water retention is too high. D) glomerular filtration is increased. E) blood volume and blood pressure are too high.
E) blood volume and blood pressure are too high.
Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic activation on kidney function? A) powerful vasodilation of afferent arterioles B) increased production of filtrate C) powerful vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles D) powerful vasodilation of efferent arterioles E) decreased glomerular filtration rate
E) decreased glomerular filtration rate
Water movement between the ECF and ICF is called ________. A) incontinence B) metabolic generation of water C) urinalysis D) diuretic factor E) fluid shift
E) fluid shift
A person who is suffering from bouts of repeated vomiting may risk developing a serious case of ________. A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) nephritis D) respiratory alkalosis E) metabolic alkalosis
E) metabolic alkalosis
Which organ system(s) is(are) particularly sensitive to pH changes? A) endocrine and digestive systems B) reproductive and endocrine systems C) cardiovascular system D) endocrine system E) nervous and cardiovascular systems
E) nervous and cardiovascular systems
The hormone ANP A) stimulates ADH secretion. B) increases the rate of sodium ion reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. C) decreases glomerular filtration. D) decreases urinary water loss. E) promotes the dilation of glomerular capillaries.
E) promotes the dilation of glomerular capillaries.
The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule A) are closely associated with unusual smooth muscle fibers. B) reabsorb water and reabsorb or secrete sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions to determine the final osmotic concentration and volume of the urine. C) are not permeable to water and solutes. D) are unusually tall, and their nuclei are clustered together. E) reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid and release them into the interstitial fluid.
E) reabsorb organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the tubular fluid and release them into the interstitial fluid.
The ion pumps sensitive to aldosterone A) reabsorb potassium ions from the tubular fluid. B) vasoconstrict the efferent arterioles at the nephrons. C) increase the active secretion of sodium ions along the distal convoluted tubule. D) increase the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. E) reabsorb sodium ions from the tubular fluid.
E) reabsorb sodium ions from the tubular fluid.
The micturition reflex center consists of afferent sensory fibers in the pelvic nerves, which carry the resulting impulses to the A) hypothalamus. B) medulla oblongata. C) pons. D) lumbar spinal cord. E) sacral spinal cord.
E) sacral spinal cord.
Acid-base balance exists when A) there is a balance between the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the kidneys. B) the amount of water gain equals the amount of water loss. C) protein intake equals protein excretion. D) the net gain in sodium ions equals its net loss. E) the production of hydrogen ions is equal to their loss.
E) the production of hydrogen ions is equal to their loss.
In response to respiratory alkalosis, A) the respiratory rate increases. B) the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are further stimulated. C) the kidneys conserve bicarbonate. D) the kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. E) the respiratory rate decreases.
E) the respiratory rate decreases.
If pH increases in a protein buffer system, which of the following is most likely to occur? A) The amino group of the amino acid accepts an additional hydrogen ion. B) Carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid. C) The carboxyl group of the amino acid dissociates, releasing a hydrogen ion. D) In solution, dihydrogen phosphate reversibly dissociates into a hydrogen ion and monohydrogen phosphate. E) Carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.
C) The carboxyl group of the amino acid dissociates, releasing a hydrogen ion.
