Chapter 18
What was the origanial name for the great plains?
"The Great American Desert"
What was true about cotton?
it continued to dominate the Southern economy, its prices fell slowly, world demand rose slowly.
What was true about Southern Industry between 1869-1909?
it grew faster when compared to the national rate
What are the great plains like?
grassy, treeless, windy, plain, sea of grass
What did Powell come up with to ensure the amount of water in the west was to benefit the most instead of the few?
he asked the Federal Government to treat water as community property, by establishing political boundaries defined by watersheds and regulate the distribution of the water.
What did general custer do to make white people want to go to the Black Hills?
he spread rumors that there was a lot of gold in the Black Hills.
What did John Wesley Powell warn Congress of?
he warned Congress that developing the West required more scientific planning
The chapter introduction tells the story of the "Exodusters" to make the point that
hopes for the future in the South and West confronted realities of "colonial" economies built on exploited lands and peoples.
Name some non violent things southerns did to pass the time.
house raising, log rollings, quilting, road work.
What were some ways men found pleasure in in the South?
hunting, cockfighting, beer gardens, baseball, "low theater," dog fights and everything else brute and violent.
What did the church stand for in southern life?
it stood as a great stabilizer and custodian of social order.
What was Wounded knee?
it was a massacre supported and executed by the US Cavalry where 146 men, women, and children where massacred with machine guns
What was the Chivington massacre?
it was a massacre when more than 700 men part of the Colorado volunteers attacked a friendly Cheyanne camp killing at least 150 innocent children and women.
What was the policy of concentration in 1851?
it was a policy created by the federal government that pressed Native tribes to sign treaties limiting the boundaries of their hunting grounds to "reservations"
Where did the term Jim Crow originate?
it was a song sung in minstel shows of the day
Explain very generally what the "agricultural ladder" is.
it was a theory brought up after the Civil war; whereas any poor man could work his way up, rung by rung, until he finally owned his own land
Why was the south so poor?
it was largely decentralized, rural, and agricultural; it had a labor force
What true about tobacco between 1860 and 1900?
it was mostly being used in cigarettes; it was one of the few sectors of the economy that the south had major control over; and it was starting to be promoted in national advertising, most of which was directed towards children.
What were the race relations like in the new West?
it was much more complicated and much more fluid
What was the Battle of Little Big Horn?
it was the first time the Sioux and the Cheyanne allied to try to defend their lands, with the tribes united they killed custer and some 250 other men.
What was true about the Southern economy during this time?
its economy grew at the about the same rate as the rest of the country, but its per capita income fell behind that of the North.
What were Jim Crow laws?
laws that segragate races
What were the most important industries of the southern where the most important?
lumber and steel
Wages in southern industries remained low because
of the historic low wage pattern in agriculture.
Describe the mythical west.
opportunity was there for the taking, good always triumphed over evil, where all Indians hunted bison and lived in tepees, and where romance and adventure obscured the realities of Anglo conquest, unchecked exploitation, and growing corporate control.
Buffalo Bill Cody
promoted a popular image of the Wild West that became accepted around the world.
What was ruled by the SCOTUS case Plessy v. Ferguson?
segragation did not constititute discrimination as long as accommodations for both races were "separate but equal."
What took place of slavery in the south?
segregation
What was a much more profitable way to get money from the boom towns?
sell the miners or whatever stuff they need
The cattle boom on the Great Plains ended in part because
severe weather conditions and overgrazing wiped out many ranchers.
General Custer's expedition into the Black Hills of South Dakota
spread rumors of gold to encourage whites to migrate to the region.
When Anglo cattle ranchers forced Hispanos off lands near Las Vegas, Las Gorras Blancas (White Caps)
sued the cattle ranchers in state courts but lost.
What two greatest wishes were granted by congress in 1868?
the Homestead Act of 1862, and a transcontinental railroad
Southern poverty persisted for all of the following reasons
the South's late start in industrializing its economy, a lack of northern capital in the region, the isolation of the labor force.
What was the first and largest Labor Union of miners?
the Western Federation of Miners, which was about 50,000 strong
What was true about the amount of farms in American between the Civil War and 1900?
the amount of farms trippled
What isolated the West and the South from the industrialized sectors of the country?
the connections of the West and the South to the North were what led to the marginalization of the West and the South from the North
What happened after the Battle of Little Big Horn?
the federal army sent in backups and forced the indian partnership seen earlier to eventually dissolve.
What led to the decline of the "open range?"
the increasing amount of railroads and fences.
What was the last great land rush in the west?
the opening up of Oklahoma
Why did cattle ranchers hate sheep and their sheppard?
the sheep would ruin the grazing lands by cropping the grass so short that cattle could not eat it
What place other than the Northeast had the largest amount of towns that had more than 10,000 people living in it?
the west
What were some of the ways white people destroyed Native culture?
the white people brought horrible diseases, the white people brought alcohol which brought alcoholism, mines, grazing herds, fences, railroads, and the mass killing of buffalo all led to the eventual destruction of most of the Native's cultures
What system did the Texas adopt that was common in most southern states?
they adopted segregation
what was true about the people and the lands past the 98th meridian?
they are incredibily diverse and together form a complex web of cultures and enviroments.
What did the South and the West assume at the end of the 19th century
they assumed their place as suppliers of raw materials, providers of foodstuffs, and consumers of finished goods.
Where did the prairie people find comfort?
they found comfort in religion
What did tribes do when the policy of concentration was enforced?
they often rebelled and attacked undefended white settlements
Name some examples of how indians affected the enviroment in which they lived.
they stampeeded herds of buffalo over cliffs (which led to waste), they irrigated crops and set fires to improve vegetation and game.
What did congress do to the autonomy of the Indian nations in 1877?
they stripped the Indian nations their right of autonomy
What did the Indian tribe of the Nez Perce try to do in 1877?
they tried to escape from the US army by attempting to get into Canada and into safety.
what did westerners use instead of wooden fences in the West?
they used barb wire fences
What was true about African-American social customs during the days of the Jim Crow laws?
they were almost always more polite than their white counterparts. They would always address anyone by Mister, Miss, or Ma'am. Whereas the whites were typically rude and mean.
what did southerners come to town for?
to go to the saloon, blacksmith, or storefront. The biggest attraction to town was for Court week
How many times did Queen Victoria see Buffalo Bill Cody?
two times
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
upheld the concept of "separate but equal."
What did Congress become affraid of in 1887?
They became affraid of foreigners buying land in America, they solved this mostly by enacting the Alien Land act
Who were the "buffalo soldiers?"
African-American civil war veterans who often fought indians out on the plains. They were called "buffalo soldiers" because the indians saw a similiarity between the hair of the men and the hair of the mighty buffalo.
Why did aggressive lumbering leave the South far poorer instead of a little better?
Corruption (gave the forests to northerners), the lumber was never really processed in the south, and the lumber industry would settle in one place only temporarily never really adding anything to the local economy.
What was debt peonage and who did it affect?
Debt peonage was when people borrowed credit on their future returns until they found themselves so deep in debt that they could never escape. This didn't affect only African-Americans but also affect poor white people almost to the same extent.
What is NOT true about the post-Civil War southern economy?
Despite dreams of a New South, industry never took hold in the South before 1900.
What did Buffalo Bill Cody hire Sitting Bull for?
He had Sitting Bull stare glumly at gawking ticket holders
America in the late 1800s was becoming an industrial power. According to your text, what best describes what was going on in the world outside?
In a quest for markets and raw materials, European powers vied for colonial dominions overseas.
What other countries had Debt Peonage systems similar to those of the American South?
India, Egypt, and Brazil
Western booms followed what typical pattern?
Initially, individuals rushed in for quick profits; then, corporations moved in with hired labor.
What did the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 do?
It ended reservation policy by permitting the president to distribute land to Indians who had severed their attachments to their tribes.
How did Denver grow?
It expanded outward rather than upward, the size of the city would just grow like a slime mold
What was true about southern churches?
It was typically run by women, as women consisted of the majority of the people who attended church.
Each of the following was true about cowboys during this period
Many of them were Confederate war veterans, They borrowed many of their clothing styles from Mexican tejanos and Californios, They included a significant percentage of black freemen.
What did the people of the Southwest use as manual labor?
Mexican immigrants
Who were most of the cattle ranchers?
Mexicans, former confederate soldiers, and freedmen
Where was the majority of the southern goods transported too?
New York, or Pittsburg
Where was the first transcontinental railroad finished and what two companies built it?
Promontory Summit, Utah. The companies responsible where the Central Pacific (coming from California) and the Union Pacific (coming from Omaha) railroads.
in 1883 what did SCOTUS rule?
SCOTUS ruled that private individuals did not need to endorse or enact equal protection of the races
Who wrote a stunning espose on the fraud and corruption encouraged by the United States when dealing with the Natives?
Susette La Fleche
What other factors led to the South's poverty?
The South began to industrialize later than the North, there were very few people to lead a Southern industrial development, lack of education, and the isolation of its labor force.
What industry disappointed promoters of the New South the most?
The iron and steel industries
What was true about the "free" land in the west?
The opportunity of free land was typically elusive to those without money or power, they also came across indians, and "Hispanos."
What was true about indian tribes?
They typically revered the earth, and considered it their mother. They often consisted of no more than 500 in which the well-being of all outweighed the needs of each member. And the regard of land endowed special places with religious meaning often indecipherable to whites.
What were the Bonanza Farms?
They were farms granted to people under the Homestead Act that exceeded 1000 acres in size
What was the most common source of employment for young black southerners?
Turpentine mills, logging, and lumber milling
The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 proved destructive because it
attacked the communal structure of tribal life.
How did Cody's show break stereotypes?
for women's rights, gun totting Annie Oakley; and for the preservation of Indian Life in its remnant representatives whooping and galloping across the arena
What was "Buffalo Bill" Cody's real name?
William F. Cody
Who felt the most burdened in the prairie?
Women
What was true about women in the Western mining camp?
a large amount of the women ended up becoming prostitutes
All of the following were reasons sharecroppers could not move up the "agricultural ladder"
a ruinous system of credit, a need to grow cash crops rather than foodstuffs, the control of processing costs by landlords.
To what does the term "Jim Crow" refer?
a system of legalized separation of blacks as socially inferior
What was becoming true about "boom towns?"
after a bomb town popped up it was becoming common for the town to quickly die and become a ghost town.
Other than race, where did seperation exist?
between genders
What was similiar about Mining and cattle ranching, other than they end in "-ing?"
both sectors were becoming a corporate industrial enterprise, succummbing to the eastern pattern of economic concentration and labor specialization.
The lumber industry actually left the South poorer because
corruption and a relaxed federal timber policy allowed northerners and foreigners to acquire vast tracts of forest at artificially low prices, timber was sold as raw material rather than as more lucrative finished products, loggers and millers put down few roots in southern communities.
What could be seen as ironic in a southern cemetary?
everything in the cemetary was made in the north, the only thing that made it southern was the fact it was geographically in the south.
What was dry farming?
farming in parched climates
