Chapter 18 Quizlet
serological tests are most often conducted in
microtiter plates
herd immunity
occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune
the vaccine that is stable to heat, has little unwanted material and causes minimal side effects is called a(n)
peptide vaccine
for which of the following childhood diseases is a subunit vaccine recommended
pertussis
the salk polio vaccine
protects only against nervous system infection
the change from negative serum, without antibodies specific to an infecting agent, to positive serum, containing antibodies against that infecting agent, is called
seroconversion
would antibodies produced by a patient in response to infection be monoclonal or polyclonal
since a single pathogen has multiple epitopes, the responding antibodies to a whole pathogen would be polyclonal
variolation is a procedure once used to protect against
smallpox
almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are
the result of passive immunity
the procedure developed by the chinese to protect against smallpox was called
variolation
whole agent vaccines may contain
viruses or bacteria
all of the following are true about the term vaccination EXCEPT it
was coined by Jenner and comes from the latin term for cow, variola
attenuated agents are
weakened but replicating microbes
many inactivated vaccines contain an adjuvant, a substance that enhances the immune response to antigens. an adjuvant that uses the derivative of lipid A has recently been developed. would lipid A work well as an adjuvant
yes, lipid A alerts the immune system to the presence of gram-negative bacteria. it would similarly alert the immune system to the components of a vaccine if used as an adjuvant in the vaccine
why is a false positive more significant in HIV testing of patients than in screening donated blood for transfusions
a false positive in blood is easily retestable. this makes it less significant, because we wound simplu quickly retest the blood to verify its actual HIV status
the most common adjuvant is
alum
blood for transfusions is frequently tested for HIV by using the
ELISA method
toxoids are used in vaccines against
diphtheria
which of the following tests allows the separation of cells according to their sizes, densities, and surface markers tagged by specific fluorescent antibodies
fluorescent-activated cell sorter
monoclonal antibodies
have the same variable regions
DNA vaccines work by
having the cell use the introduced DNA to make the microbial protein antigen
since many childhood diseases such as mumps and measles are rare now within the united states, why is it still important for children to be immunized against them
if we lose herd immunity by removing mandatory vaccination, our population will become susceptible to these illnesses again in a short period of time there is always the likelihood that an individual from another country could import one of these illnesses into the united states, sparking an outbreak, if we aren't all properly vaccinated by keeping the population vaccinated, we keep incidence rates of these illnesses very low. this helps to protect people that cannot be vaccinated (very young children, pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly) many of these diseases are HIGHLY contagious and commonly spread through respiratory droplet (airborne) transmission. this makes an outbreak within a susceptible population very possible. keeping the population resistant through mandatory vaccination prevents this possibility
anti-human IgG antibodies are often used in
indirect ELISA, western blotting, AND indirect fluorescent antibody tests
which antibodies cross the placenta and protect the fetus
IgG
the last case of naturally contracted smallpox occurred in
1977
