Chapter 18 Terms, Peoples, and Events

Kremlin

Citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government

Old Believers

conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.

Third Rome

the idea that some city, state, or country is the successor to the legacy of ancient Rome (the "first Rome") via connection to the Byzantine Empire or via connection to the Western Roman Empire through the Papal States or the Holy Roman Empire.

Time of Troubles

followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

instruction of 1767

statement of legal principles written by Catherine II of Russia, and permeated with the ideas of the French Enlightenment.

Westernization

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.

Peter III

Czar and husband of Catherine, killed in coup of 1762

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty that included both Catherine and Peter the Great which ruled over Russia

serfdom

Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions

Alexis De Tocqueville

French political writer whose 1831 study of American society was chronicled in the 2-volume *Democracy in America*.

Pugachev

Head of the bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convinced Catherine the Great to throw her support to the nobles and cease internal reforms (1726-1775)

boyars

Land owning aristocracy in early Russia. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, what group suffered the greatest loss of power?

St. Petersburg

Russia fleed from moscow to this city during the battle against napoleon

Rurik Dynasty

Legendary founding family and dynasty of Russia

Chancery of the secret police

Monitored the bureaucracy under Peter the Great

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Ivan III

Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.

Cossacks

Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Alexis Romanov

Second ruler of the dynasty; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church. Exiled Old Believers.

partitions of Poland

The three monarchs- Catherine The Great, King Frederick II of Prussia and Emperor Joseph II of Austria divided up Poland. Catherine got Eastern Poland where many Russians and Ukrainians lived. Frederick and Joseph got control of the Polish territory in the West.

Peter I

Which leader was- uncontrollable as a child, obsessed with military games, and liked fireworks and setting off cannons?

Radishev

a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great.

obruk

labor obligations of Russia peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the increased burdens placed on the peasantry during the 18th century

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations