Chapter 19 Blood systems
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with erythrocytes?
Capable of protein synthesis
What activates the intrinsic/contact activation pathway of coagulation?
Factor XII contacts exposed collagen fibers.
Both granulocytes and agranulocytes arise from the lymphoid stem cell line.
False
Erythropoiesis operates on a positive feedback loop maintained by erythropoietin.
False
Platelets can undergo mitosis and perform repairs if damaged.
False
When oxygen concentrations are low in tissues surrounding systemic capillaries, hemoglobin releases oxygen to become carboxyhemoglobin.
False
Select the correct pathway to form a monocyte through the process of leukopoiesis.
HSC, myeloid cell line, monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte
Athletes have been known to abuse erythropoietin. What potential benefit might athletes hope to derive with erythropoietin?
Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
It is possible that DH has septicemia, or a blood infection. Which of the following typically occurs in order to produce the elevated numbers of leukocytes needed to fight the infection?
Increased production of band cells.
DH likely has hemolytic anemia, which results in the destruction and death of erythrocytes. Under normal circumstances, what is the body's response to decreased numbers of erythrocytes?
Increased production of reticulocytes.
Since erythrocytes lack the cellular machinery to make repairs, they only live:
100-120 days.
A centrifuged sample of blood shows 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percent of the blood is the hematocrit?
46%
How much blood does the average adult have?
5 L
Mrs. R is pregnant and very worried that the child will have beta-thalassemia. What is the probability that the child will have beta-thalassemia major? What is the probability that the child will have no trace of the disease?
50% chance of having beta-thalassemia major; 0% chance of being disease-free
What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma?
55%
Which of the following is considered a normal blood pH?
7.40
DH has thrombocytopenia, a condition in which the number of platelets in the blood has dropped. She may need platelet transfusions to replace these critical components of the blood. All of the following could cause a reduction in platelets except:
abnormally shaped nuclei in the platelets that shorten the lifespan to 3-5 days.
What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?
albumin
Nora was exposed to radiation that caused her red bone marrow to make fewer red blood cells. This condition is known as:
aplastic anemia.
Which cell develops into mature neutrophils?
band (stab) cell
White blood cells that have an S-shaped nucleus and large dark-staining granules are the __________.
basophils
An example of a waste product from the breakdown of hemoglobin is__________.
biliverdin
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
blood oxygen levels fall below normal
What ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to the coagulation cascade?
calcium ions
Which of the following is the name given to the union between carbon monoxide and hemoglobin?
carboxyhemoglobin
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would have problems with:
coagulation
When is fibrin produced during the coagulation cascade?
common pathway
DH has been referred to an oncologist because it appears that she has developed acute myeloid leukemia, which affects both the formed elements and the plasma of the blood. Damage to the formed elements can cause all of the following except:
difficulty in transporting hormones and waste products.
If a patient had a parasitic infection, you would expect an elevated __________ count.
eosinophil
A patient comes in with a parasitic worm infection. Which of the following blood cell count would you likely see increased?
eosinophils
During a tapeworm infection, you would expect to see increased numbers of:
eosinophils
The hematocrit is the percentage of blood composed of:
erythrocytes
The process of red blood cell production is known as:
erythropoiesis
Neutrophils are most effective at:
fighting a bacterial infection.
Which of the following must occur first during hemostasis?
formation of thrombin
The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes is called __________.
hematocrit
What cell gives rise to all formed elements?
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Lymphocytes and monocytes both arise from:
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
All leukocytes arise from:
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of:
heme molecules of hemoglobin that lack iron.
What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?
hemoglobin
The stoppage of bleeding is known as:
hemostasis
What type of plasma protein are antibodies?
immune protein
Athletes use the hormone EPO to __________.
increase their hematocrit
Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY?
increased erythropoiesis; aplastic anemia
Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?
large surface area to volume ratio
What organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies?
lymphocyte
Platelets form from large cells called __________.
megakaryocytes
Platelets are cell fragments formed from:
megakaryocytes.
Through the microscope, you notice a very large leukocyte with a U-shaped nucleus but no granules. What type of leukocyte have you observed?
monocyte
You are observing a blood slide under the microscope and you see a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and light blue cytoplasm. You identify this cell as a __________.
monocyte
During leukopoiesis, neutrophils are derived from __________.
myeloblasts
What is the most common type of leukocyte in a healthy adult?
neutrophil
Which leukocytes are active phagocytes?
neutrophils and monocytes
All red blood cells in an adult originate in the:
red bone marrow.
Which of the following is a stimulus for erythropoiesis?
reduced availability of oxygen
Which organ traps older erythrocytes so they will be removed from circulation?
spleen
Medications known as anticoagulants interfere with:
the coagulation cascade.
A bruise appears greenish in the skin because:
the heme group in hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
Which is NOT a characteristic or function of lysosomes?
their internal pH is neutral
During the common pathway, what turns fibrinogen into fibrin?
thrombin
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
thymus gland
Which of the following is not one of the functions of blood?
to protect vital organs
Iron molecules released from the breakdown of hemoglobin are transported through the blood by:
transferrin.
The function of red blood cells is to:
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis.
vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis
Which is NOT a function or characteristic associated with vasoconstriction?
vessel diameter increases
What vitamin is necessary for the proper production of functional clotting factors in the liver?
vitamin K
The most abundant component of plasma is:
water
Which of the following solutes is a plasma protein?
Albumin
Which of the following homeostatic consequences can result from extensive blood loss from an injury?
All of the following choices are correct
What are the beta chains, and why are they important in the hemoglobin molecule?
Beta chains are two of the four protein chains that hold heme groups in position and modulate their oxygen-binding properties.
Which of the following statements about blood is FALSE?
Blood pH normally falls between 6.5 and 6.8.
What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis?
Kidneys
Decreased albumin levels in the plasma would ______.
Lead to edema.
Certain chemotherapy drugs for cancer inhibit cell division. How will this affect megakaryocytes?
Megakaryocytes would decrease in size and thereby decrease platelet count.
Which of the following components is not one of the formed elements in blood?
Plasma
Which of the following will not have the capability to repair itself if damaged by a toxin or poison?
Platelets
Which statement best describes red blood cells?
Red blood cells possess a protein known as hemoglobin.
Mrs. R has beta-thalassemia major and has come into the office with an enlarged spleen, changes in the shapes of her facial bones, and jaundice.As you take her history and examine her, what additional problems will you be watching for? Choose the most likely problems that Mrs. R may develop.
Shortness of breath and activity intolerance Weakness or fatigue Bone fractures Enlarged liver
Mrs. R is in the middle of her second trimester, and she asks the doctor whether the baby can be affected at this stage. You know that this early in pregnancy, the baby has fetal hemoglobin; will this make any difference to the disease?
Since fetal hemoglobin has no beta-globin chains, the disease will not affect it.
Why would a bone marrow transplant help someone whose red blood cells had a genetic defect?
Since her condition is genetic, all her own bone marrow cells carry it and are producing defective erythrocytes.
How would T3/T4 (thyroid) hormones travel via the blood?
T3/T4 will bind to a transport protein
Which of the following statements is false regarding the ABO and Rh blood groups?
The ABO blood group features two antibodies found on erythrocyte plasma membranes: the A antibody and the B antibody. The presence or absence of these antibodies results in four possible ABO types.
Select how an erythrocyte's structure relates to its function.
The biconcave shape allows flexibility to pass through capillaries and increase surface area.
The blood plasma that was transfused into DH's body contained clotting factors. Which of the following statements is false with regard to the coagulation cascade?
The intrinsic pathway must be completed before the extrinsic pathway can initiate the process that synthesizes fibrin.
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with platelets?
They are incapable of oxidative catabolism.
The majority of blood is plasma.
True
The most common cause of abnormal hemoglobin is an inherited condition known as sickle-cell anemia.
True
The most common leukocyte is the neutrophil while the least common leukocyte is the basophil.
True
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, a mesh that glues together the platelet plug and helps seal the damaged vessel.
True
Thrombolysis begins with fibrinolysis and the breakdown of the fibrin glue that was produced during coagulation.
True
How do vascular spasms contribute to the process of hemostasis?
Vascular spasms limit blood loss.
In the common pathway of coagulation, what factor combines with factor Va and calcium ions to form prothrombin activator?
Xa
Jerry is an alcoholic and does not eat enough food. He has been diagnosed with a vitamin deficiency. What blood disorder is the most likely a result of this deficiency?
pernicious anemia
What forms the majority of blood?
plasma
What feature do platelets possess?
plasma membrane
When blood is centrifuged, what is found in the buffy coat?
platelets and leukocytes
What feature is shared by platelets and some leukocytes?
presence of granules