Chapter 19, Chapter 19: Blood,
EPO
-AKA Erythropoietin -Comes from kidney -Red blood cell formation -Occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue -Stimulated directly by peptide hormone erythropoietin and indirectly by other hormones.
White Blood Cell Movement Characteristics
-All can migrate out of the blood stream -All are capable of Amoeboid Movement -All are attracted to specific chemical stimuli -Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Monocytes are capable of phagocytosis.
Lymphocyte Functions
-B lymphocytes develop plasma cells and secrete antibodies. -T lymphocytes kill foreign cells. Organize immune response. -Natural Killer/NK cells. Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells/cancer.
Red Blood Cell Structure
-Biconcave Disc Shape with a thin central region and thicker outer margin. -No nucleus
Neutrophil
-Leukocyte->Granulocyte -Multilobed nucleus with small pink granules.
3 Components of Centrifuged Blood
-Plasma floats because it is lighter. -Buffy coat: thin layer in the middle. -Red blood cells are heavier due to the iron concentration and are at the bottom of the tube.
Transporting functions of blood
-Respiratory gases -Hormones -Nutrients -Metabolic waste
Blood typing importance
-recipient/donor compatibility -Rh factor and hemolytic disease of the newborn -Can exclude suspects from crime scenes -Determine paternity
What amount of formed elements is platelets and white blood cells in percentage?
0.1%
What percentage are other solutes?
1%
What percentage are regulatory proteins?
1%
Which three classes of lymphocytes are the primary cells of the lymphoid system?
1) T cells 2) B cells 3) NK cells
What four characteristics of white blood cells are important to their response to tissue invasion or injury?
1) ameboid movement, a gliding movement that transports the cell 2) emigration, squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells in the capillary wall 3) positive chemotaxis, the attraction to specific chemical stimuli 4) phagocytosis
What four conditions cause the release of erythropoietin?
1) during anemia 2) when blood flow into the kidneys declines 3) when oxygen content of the air in the lungs declines 4) when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged
What are the functions of the various types of white blood cells?
1. Help the body fight against any type of invasion 2. Help remove toxins and waste 3. Remove abnormal or damaged cells
What is the structure of a red blood cell?
1. Large surface area-to-volume ratio. 2. Form stacks 3. Bend and flex
3 components that make up the formed elements of blood:
1. Red blood cells 2. White blood cells 3. Platelets
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
1. T cells 2. B cells 3. Natural Killer cells
3 primary functions of platelets:
1. Transport clotting chemicals 2. Form a plug in the walls of damaged blood vessels 3. Contraction after clot forms
8 primary functions of blood:
1. Transports and dissolves gas 2. Distributes nutrients 3. Transports waste 4. Delivers enzymes and hormones 5. Regulates ph and electrolyte composition 6. Restricts fluid losses 7. Defends against pathogens 8. Regulates body temperature
What five major functions are performed by blood?
1. Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes. 2. Regulates pH and electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body 3. Restricts fluid losses through damaged vessels or at other injury sites. 4. defends against toxins and pathogens 5. Stabilizes body temperature.
The steps (in order) of the process of hemostasis are:
1. Vascular Spasm 2. Platelet phase 3. Coagulation 4. Retraction 5. Fibrinolysis
5 events in the clotting response and summary:
1. Vascular phase-spasm, damaged muscle 2. Platelet phase-platelet aggregation and adhesion 3. Coagulation phase-clot formation 4. Clot retraction-contraction of blood clot 5. Clot destruction-enzymes destroy clot
5 major components of plasma:
1. Water 2. Electrolytes 3. Nutrients 4. Waste 5. Protein
Why are small, superficial veins used in venipuncture?
1. easy to locate 2. walls of veins are thinner 3. blood pressure is low.. so the puncture would heal quickly
Where is bone marrow located?
1. vertebra 2. sternum 3. ribs 4. skull 5. scapulae 6. pelvis 7. proximal bones
How many pints of blood do you have in your body?
10
How long of a lifespan does a neutrophil generally have?
10 hours
Percentage of type B blood in US
10%
What percentage of white blood cells are eosinophils?
2-4%
What percentage of white blood cells are Monocytes?
2-8%
What percentage of white blood cells are lymphocytes?
20-30%
How long will a monocyte live before becoming a tissue macrophage?
24 hours
How many red blood cells does the average adult have in their body?
25 trillion
a typical microliter of blood contains______ leukocytes
3,000-5,000
What percent of all cells in the body are red blood cells?
33.3% or 1/3rd
What percentage are globulins?
35%
What is the range of formed elements in your blood in percentage?
37-54%
What percent of whole blood are formed elements?
37-54%
Blood temperature is roughly _____ and the blood pH averages ______.
38 C; 7.4
Blood temperature is approximately ______, and blood pH averages ________
38*C 7.4
Of all blood in the US, ______% have been found to contain AB blood.
4
Percentage of type AB blood in US
4%
What percentage is fibrinogen?
4%
What % of blood are albumins?
4.2%
What percent of plasma proteins is required for inducting water over a membrane?
4.2%
Percentage of type A blood in US
40%
What is the normal Hematocrit of a woman?
42 (range 37-47)
Hematocrit in female adults
42-lower because estrogen does not stimulate red blood cell production.
The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements is:
45%
What is the normal hematocrit of a male?
46 (range 40-54)
Percentage of type O blood in US
46%
What percent of whole blood is plasma?
46-63%
Hematocrit in male adults
46-higher because androgens stimulate red blood cell production.
Typically, one micorliter of blood contains _____ erythrocytes
5.2 million
Typically, one microliter of blood contains ___ erythrocytes.
5.2 million
If blood comprimises 7 percent of the body weight in kilograms, how many liters of blood would there be in an individual who weighs 85 kg?
5.95
If blood comprises 7% of the body weight in kilograms, how many liters of blood would there be in a individual who weighs 85kg?
5.95 L
Most erythrocytes have at least ____ kinds of surface antigens
50
Under "normal" conditions, neutrophils comprise _____ of the circulatory white blood cells
50-70 percent
Under "normal" conditions, neutrophils comprise _____ of the circulatory WBC's.
50-70%
What percentage of a white blood cell is Neutrophil?
50-70%
Plasma contributes approximately ______ percent of the volume of whole blood, and water accounts for _____ percent of the plasma volume
55% 92%
A typical microliter of blood contains ___ leukocytes
6,000-9,000
What percentage are albumins?
60%
What percentage are plasma proteins?
7%
How many days (from beginning to end) does it take for yellow bone marrow to turn into red bone marrow?
7-10 days
How long do platelets live?
9-12 days
What percentage is water?
92%
What percentage are Red Blood Cells?
99.9%
What percentage of white blood cells are basophils?
<1%
Anemia
A condition where oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced. May occur due to a decrease in the number of red blood cells present. Also known as a decrease in hematocrit or a reduced content of Hb in RBC's.
Erythropoietin or EPO
A drug used by endurance athletes to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of their blood by increasing the number of RBCs is called _______________________. Provide the name and abbreviation.
What is estrogen?
A female hormone that does not stimulate the red blood cells
Antibody
A globular protein produced by plasma cells that will bind to specific antigens and promote their destruction or removal from the body. AKA Immunoglobulin
Porphyrin ring
A heme group consists of a ________________ that holds 1 atom of iron. An iron atom can reversibly bind to one oxygen molecule (O2).
Iron
A heme group consists of a porphyrin ring that holds 1 atom of _________________.
Globins
A hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 polypeptide (protein) chains called _____________and 4 iron containing pigment molecules called Hemes.
Hemes
A hemoglobin molecule consists of 4 polypeptide (protein) chains called globins and 4 iron containing pigment molecules called ______________.
deoxyhemoglobin
A hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen is called ______
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
What is androgen?
A male hormone that stimulates the Red Blood Cells
Blood Doping
A practice used by athletes to elevate their hematocrits by reinfusing packed RB's that were removed and stored at an earlier date to improve oxygen delivery to muscles and enhance performance.
blood
A specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix.
What is a rouleau?
A stack of red blood cells
Antigen
A substance capable of inducing the production of antibodies.
agglutinogens -->
A, B, and Rh
Universal Recipient
AB type because they can take any blood but A anitbodies and B antibodies need to be removed first.
Organic Nutrients
ATP production
Immunoglobulins in plasma that react with antigens on the surfaces of foreign red blood cells, when donor and recipient differ in blood type are called:
Agglutinins
Basophil Functions
Allergic response
Eosinophil Function
Allergic response and release chemicals to attack parasitic worms.
Biconcave Disc Shape 3-3 Consequences
Allows RBC to stack like dinner plates. This is called a rouleaux and makes the RBCs less likely to clog a vessel. RBC's pass uniformly through the vessel in a single file row.
Biconcave Disc Shape 2-3 Consequences
Allows for flexibility so it can twist and bend to fit through small diameter capillaries.
Leukopenia
An abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs is called ___________________
Leukocytosis
An abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells is called ________________
Hemoglobin
Anemia is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced. All of the many types of anemia are characterized by reduced number of RBCs or a decreased amount of ____________________ in the blood.
immunoglobulins
Another name for antibodies
erythrocytes
Another name for red blood cells.
leukocytes
Another name for white blood cells.
To check the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs, blood would be drawn from an:
Arterial puncture
Why is aspirin sometimes prescribed for the prevention of vascular problems?
Aspirin helps prevent vascular problems by inhibiting clotting. It inactivates platelet enzymes involved in the production of thromboxanes and prostaglandins, and it inhibits endothelial cell production of prostacyclin.
Vitamin B12 Deficient Anemia
B12 is needed for red blood cell production. A diet deficient in B12 leads to anemia.
HDN without treatment
Baby will die before birth or shortly after. Baby suffers from anemia and high concentration of circulating bilirubin that produces jaundice.
anaerobic metabolism of glucose
Because RBCs lack mitochondria, they obtain energy by:
Determine blood type by
Binding of antibodies to the surface antigens of red blood cells
Blood regulating pH of interstitial fluid
Blood absorbs and neutralizes acids generated by active tissues. Diffusion between interstitial fluid and blood eliminates deficiencies or excess ions.
Blood regulation of body temperature
Blood absorbs heat generated by active skeletal muscles and redistributes it to other tissue.
formed elements
Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma make up this:
Formed elements
Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma that include platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. Makes up 37-54% of the whole blood volume.
5
Blood is ____times more viscous than water.
Plasma
Blood is a fluid connective tissue with a matrix called:
Plasma
Blood is composed of formed elements (cells and platelets) suspended in a fluid matrix called ____________________.
See agglutination
Blood sample mixed with antibody takes on granular appearance.
Blood defense against pathogens
Blood transports white blood cells/specialized cells to other tissue to fight infection or remove debris and delivers antibodies to attack foreign organisms.
fibrinolysis
Breakdown and removal of a clot; destruction of fibers
_____ and _____ affects almost every aspect of the clotting process
Calcium Vitamin K
proerythroblasts erythroblast
Cells destined to become RBCs first differentiate into _____and then proceed through various ____ stages.
The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems are components of a single:
Circulatory system
AB blood type
Codominant. Determined by the presence of both A and B surface antigens in RBC's
Hemoglobin Structure/Hb
Complex quarternary structure. 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta, that each have a heme molecule that each contains an atom of iron.
Plasma
Consists primarily of water and is noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood
The anticoagulant that inactivates thrombin is:
Coumadin
Rh factor
Determines positive or negative in blood type. Rh- will have Rh antibodies Rh+ will not have antibodies
A blood type
Dominant. Determined by the presence of A surface antigens in RBC's
B blood type
Dominant. Determined by the presence of B surface antigens in RBC's
red marrow
During extreme stimulation such as severe blood loss, areas of yellow marrow conver to _____ to increase RBC production.
biliverdin
During recycling of RBCs, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to:
Bilirubin
During the break down of red blood cells, most of the _________________ is excreted by the liver into the bile and the remainder by the kidneys. It is this substance along with urobillins gives fecal matter is brown color and urine its characteristic yellow color.
heme
Each Hb chain contains a single molecule of ___, a non-protein pigment complex.
alpha and beta
Each Hb molecule has 2___chains and 2___ chains of polypeptides.
oxyhemoglobin
Each heme unit holds an iron ion in such a way that the iron can interact with oxygen molecule, forming _____
Describe the structure of hemoglobin.
Each molecule of hemoglobin consists of four protein subunits, each of which contains a single molecule of heme, a non-protein ring surrounding an iron ion.
280 million
Each red blood cell contains about how many hemoglobin molecules?
Disadvantages of blood doping
Elevates blood viscosity and increases the workload on the heart.
Difference between an embolus and thrombus:
Embolus- drifting blood clot Thrombus- blood clot that stays in one spot
Blood regulating fluid loss
Enzymes and other substances in blood respond to breaks in vessel walls by initiating clotting/Agglutination.
RBC
Erythrocytes. Transport respiratory gases O2 and CO2.
myeloid tissue
Erythropoiesis occurs where?
transferrins
Excess____ are removed in the liver and speen and the iron is stored in two special protein-iron complexes.
urobilins and stercobilins
Feces is yellow-brow or brown because it contains:
Immobile monocytes found in many connective tissues are called:
Fixed macrophages
amino acids, iron, and vitamins
For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the red bone marrow must recieve adequate supplies of _______ required for protein synthesis.
Monocyte Functions
Form macrophages, which are phagocytic cells. "bigger eaters"
The blood cells and cell fragments suspended in the ground substance are referred to as:
Formed elements
Platelet Functions 2
Forms a temporary patch in the walls of damaged blood vessels. Platelets clump together at an injury site, forming a platelet plug to slow blood loss while clotting occurs.
The factor which stimulates the production of neurophils, eosinophils, and basophils is:
G-CSF
The factor which stimulates the production of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils is:
G-CSF
Plasma cell
Gamma globulins are antibodies (immunoglobulins) that are produced by what specific type of leukocyte?
Genotype
Genetic combination of alleles that determines phenotype. Ex. ii, iAi, iAiA, iAiB
Surface antigens
Glycolipids and glycoproteins imbedded in the plasma membrane of RBC's that react with antibodies produced by cells of the immune system and determine blood type.
What are the two types of white blood cells?
Granular Agranular
Leukocyte classification
Granulocytes have stained cytoplasmic granules and agranulocytes lack stained cytoplasmic granules.
Blood regulation when body temp is high
Heat will be lost across the skin surface.
decrease
Hematocrit increases during dehydration, owing to a ____ in plasma volume.
Volume of Packed red cells (VPRC) or packed cell volume (PCV)
Hematocrit is commonly reported as the ____ because it contains mostly RBCs.
The part of the red blood cell's ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide is:
Hemoglobin
Lymphocyte Pathology
High number may indicate Mono or viral infection or lymphocytic leukemia.
Monocyte Pathology
High numbers may indicate monocytic leukemia or infection.
Eosinophils Pathology
High numbers of eosinophils may indicate presence of allergies or parasitic worm infection.
Neutrophil Pathology
High numbers of neutrophils may indicate infection, inflamation or myelogenous leukemia. Numbers can be decreased by hepatitis, mumps, influenza.
Erythropoietin or EPO
Hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates erythropoiesis. Provide name and abbreviation.
transport globulins
Hormone-binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins, and steroid-binding proteins are all examples of what?
4
How many heme UNITS does each hemoglobin contain?
4-5
How many liters of blood does the adult female contain?
5-6
How many liters of blood does the adult male contain?
280
How many million Hb molecules does each red blood cell contain?
Erythropoietin or EPO
Hypoxia due to decreased RBC count, decreased availability of oxygen to blood, and increased tissue demands for oxygen can cause an increase in what hormone to increase RBC production? Provide name and abbreviation
pernicious anemia
If vitamin B12 is not obtained from the diet, normal stem cell divisions cannot occur and _____ results.
Agglutinins
Immunoglobulins in plasma that react with antigens on the surfaces of foreign red blood cells when donor and recipient differ in blood type. AKA Antibody
globulins
Importnat plasma _____ include antibodies.
Advantages of blood doping
Improves oxygen delivery to muscles and enhances performance.
4.2-5.5
In an adult female, 1 microliter of whole blood contains ____ million RBC's
4.5-6.3
In an adult male, 1 microliter of whole blood contains____ million RBC's
urobilinogens and stercobilinogens
In the large intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin to related pigments called:
Biconcave Disc Shape 1-3 Consequences
Increases the surface area: volume ratio and this allows the RBC to maximize diffusion of respiratory gases.
What contribution from the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways is necessary for the common pathway to begin?
Initiation of the common pathway requires the activation of Factor X and the formation of prothrombinase by the intrinsic and/or intrinsic pathways
Four types of anemia
Iron deficiency anemia Vitamin B12 deficient anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle cell anemia
transferrin
Iron extracted from heme molecules may be bound and stored in a phagocytic cell or released into the bloodstream, where it binds to _____
Menstrual
Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by an inadequate absorption of iron, excessive loss of iron, increased iron requirement, or insufficient intake of iron. Women are at greater risk for iron-deficiency anemia due to ____________ blood losses and increased iron demands of the growing fetus during pregnancy
Bilirubin
Jaundice is caused by the build-up of ______ in the skin and is often due to liver problems
Monocyte
Leukocyte->Agranulocytes Large bean-shaped nucleus
Lymphocytes
Leukocyte->Agranulocytes Large nucleus occupies most of cell volume
Basophil
Leukocyte->Granulocyte Bilobed nucleus with large blue granules.
Eosinophil
Leukocyte->Granulocyte Bilobed nucleus with large red-orange granules.
WBC
Leukocytes. Fight disease causing pathogens. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes.
120 days
Life span of a typical red blood cell is about how many days?
The bloodstream carries cells, antibodies, and cytokines of the:
Lymphatic system
Lymphoid stem cells
Lymphocytes
T cells and B cells are representative cell populations of WBC's identified as:
Lymphocytes
The production of lymphocytes from stem cells is called:
Lymphopoieses
hemolyze
Macrophages of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor the condition of circulating RBC's generally recognizing and engulfing them before they ____, or rupture
Iron deficiency anemia
Mainly results from an insufficient intake of dietary iron. Can also occur due to blood loss or insufficient absorption of iron in the diet due to Crohn's disease or Celiac disease.
Plasma
Matrix of blood and contains proteins and other solutes. Makes up 46-63% of the volume of whole blood.
Platelets originate from enormous cells called:
Megakaryocytes
Buffy coat
Middle layer. includes white blood cells and platelets and is a thin layer in the middle.
Hemoglobin
Molecules of ____ account for more than 95% of a RBCs intracellular proteins.
The leukocyte that would be involved in producing scar tissue that "walls off" an injured area is a:
Monocyte
Serum
Name for the yellowish fluid that is similar to plasma but without the clotting proteins and factors.
Iron deficiency anemia
Name of the most common type of anemia.
Albumins
Name of the plasma proteins that maintain osmotic pressure of the vascular system. Function to draw water from the surrounding tissue (interstitial) fluid into the capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure.
Neutrophils
Name of the specific type of leukocytes that are active phagocytes which destroy bacteria. Their number increases during acute bacterial infections. These dead leukocytes, cell debris, and fluid can accumulate as pus at sites of infections.
Basophils
Name of the specific type of leukocytes that are usually the least numerous - less than 1% of WBC population. They contain purplish granules that contain: Histamine - a vasodilaton and heparin - an anticoagulant
Eosinophils
Name of the specific type of leukocytes that function to help reduce the severity of allergy attacks by phagocytosing the immune complexes; kill parasites
Neutrophils
Name of the specific type of leukocytes that make up 60-70% of WBC population. Their nucleus consists of 2-6 lobes and are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of multilobed nuclei.
Eosinophils
Name of the specific type of leukocytes that make up about 3% of WBC population. Their nucleus contains two lobes connected by a narrow isthmus and their cytoplasm contains reddish/orange granules.
Lymphocytes
Name of the specific type of leukocytes that make up about 30% of WBC count. They contain large round or oval purple nucleus and have no visible granules.
T lymphocytes
Name of the specific type of lymphocyte that functions to kill virus-infected and cancerous cells and can differentiate into many other cells (killer T, helper T, suppressor T, etc.)
B lymphocytes
Name of the specific type of lymphocyte that when stimulated differentiates into plasma cells which secretes antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Hemocytoblast
Name of the stem cell that gives rise to all blood cells
Erythrocyte
Name the cell that has a round biconcave shape
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Name the condition that you would treat with breathing pure oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber in which the air pressure is about two to three times higher than normal. This speeds the replacement of this poison with oxygen in your blood.
Monocyte
Name the specific type of leukocyte that conain large pale blue cells with dark U or kidney-shaped nucleus. Are phagocytic and can develop into wandering macrophages that migrate through tissues.
Pernicious anemia
Name the type of anemia caused by insufficient hemopoiesis due to a lack of vitamin B12 which is required for proper red blood cell production.
Erythrocytes
Name the type of blood cell that contain hemoblobin, are anucleated and do not contain mitochondria.
Leukocyte
Name the type of cell that functions to defend the body against pathogens and remove toxins and damaged cells. They have a nucleus, mitochondria, but do not contain hemoglobin.
Megakaryocyte
Name the type of cell that gives rise to platelets. Note that platelets are fragments and not cells.
Alpha and beta globulins
Name the type of globulins that function to transport lipids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins, and metal ions (iron).
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil
Which kinds of white blood cells contribute to the body's non-specific defenses?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
7.35 to 7.45
Normal pH range of Blood
Universal Donor
O type because it can give blood to any type due to lack of antigens.
Problems arise for HDN
Occurs when mm is Rh- and baby is Rh+. Starting in second pregnancy because not as many fetal cells enter the maternal circulation stimulating anti-Rh antibodies with the first pregnancy. Exposure to these blood cells occurs during delivery when bleeding at the placenta and uterus take place.
Macrophages
Old and damaged RBCs are engulfed by what type of cell in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow?
toxins and pathogens
One function of blood is that it defends against:
pH and composition of interstitial fluids
One function of blood is that it regulates:
fluid loss at injury sites
One function of blood is that it restricts:
body temperature
One function of blood is that it stabilizes:
dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
One function of blood is that it transports:
Platelets
Participate in blood clot formation
Hematocrit
Percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements. 99.9% is red blood cells
Intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia is due to insufficient hemopoiesis due to a lack of vitamin B12 which is required for proper red blood cell production. Usually caused by the inability of the stomach to produce _______________________, which is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Can also result from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B12.
Neutrophil Function
Phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens
Phenotype
Physical expression of inherited alleles. Ex. A, B, AB, O
The ground substance of the blood is the:
Plasma
What are the parts of the whole blood?
Plasma formed elements
agglutinins
Plasma contains antibodies, sometimes called ____ that will attack the antigens on foreign RBCs.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Plasma contributes approximately 55 percent of the volume of whole blood and h20 accounts for 92 percent of the plasma volume
Plasma
Plasma floats because it is lighter
Globulins
Plasma protein that can be antibodies or transport types. Antibodies attack foreign materials and transport globulins bind small hormones and other compounds. Constitutes 35% of plasma proteins.
Fibrinogen
Plasma protein that can interact with each other to form large, insoluble strands of fibrin, and form a clot.
Albumins
Plasma protein that is most abundant type and a major contributor to osmotic pressure. Constitutes 60% of plasma proteins.
What is plasma composed of?
Plasma proteins Other Solutes Water
After a clot has formed, the clot shrinks due to the action of actin and myosin filaments contained in:
Platelets
Megakaryocyte
Platelets are disc-shaped cell fragments in the blood that are produced by what cell in the bone marrow?
Intrinsic factors
Produced by parietal cells in stomach. Helps in the absorption of vitamin B12
Plasma
Proteins: albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins. Other solutes: Electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic wastes.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
RBC related disorder caused by a cross-reaction between fetal and maternal blood types. Genes for blood type come from both parents so baby can have a type different from either parent. During pregnancy the mothers antibodies can cross the placenta and attack/destroy fetal RBCs.
Rouleaux
RBC stacks like dinner plates and makes them less likely to clog a vessel.
1/3
RBC's account fo roughly what percent of all the cells in the body?
Sperocytosis:
RBC's are destroyed, RBC's are read as deformed
Fetal Hemoglobin
RBC's of an ebryo or fetus. Contains a different form of hemoglobin that binds oxygen more readily. Allows fetus to steal oxygen from the maternal bloodstream at the placenta.
Mitochondria
RBCs are anucleated and do not contain this organelle that make ATP by aerobic respiration.
Myeloid Stem cells
RBCs, WBCs
O blood type
Recessive. Determined by the absence of A and B surface antigens in RBC's. Has A and B antibodies.
How do red blood cells differ from white blood cells in form?
Red blood cells are biconcave discs that lack mitochondria, ribosomes, and nuclei; and they contain a large amount of hemoglobin.The five types of white blood cells vary in size from slightly larger to twice the diameter of a red blood cell, contain a prominent nucleus, and may contain granules with distinct staining properties.
How do red blood cells differ from white blood cells in function?
Red blood cells transport oxygen, while white blood cells are involved in immunity.
The formed elements of the blood consist of:
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Hemoglobin
Red pigment that gives whole blood its deep red pigment. Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Platelet Functions 3
Reduces the size of breaks in vessel walls by shrinking clot through the contraction of platelet filaments.
Platelet Functions 1
Release chemicals important to the clotting process by releasing enzymes and other factors at the right times to initiate the clotting process
Sickle Cell Anemia
Results from a mutation of the amino acid sequence of the beta-globin molecule of hemoglobin where valine replaces the amino acid, glutamic acid, as the 6th amino acid in the beta-globin primary structure. When oxygen binds to the hemoglobin in this instance, the red blood cells take on a sickle shape.
D antibody
Rh factor. Needs to be matched before giving or receiving.
Prevention of HDN
RhoGAM, prevents anti-Rh antibody production when administered to the mother between the 26th and 28th week of pregnancy and during and after deliver.
The flattened shape of RBC's enables them to form stacks called:
Rouleaux
Erythrocyte
Scientific name for a red blood cell
Centrifugation
Separates blood into 3 components by spinning the sample in a small tube using a centrifuge.
When clotting proteins are removed from the plasma, the remaining fluid is the:
Serum
Pernicious anemia
Similar to B12 anemia but occurs when there is poor absorption of the B12 vitamin due to lack of intrinsic factors.
Albumins
Sixty percent of plasma proteins are _______________
Platelets
Small, membrane bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to clotting.
Agglutinogens
Surface antigens on red blood cells whose presence and structure are genetically determined.
agglutinogens
Surface antigens on your own RBCs:
Basophil Pathology
Systemic release of histamine causes widespread vasodiliation, hypotension, and anaphylactic shock.
Oxyhemoglobin
Term for hemoglobin when is binds to oxygen
Deoxyhemoglobin
Term for hemoglobin when it is not bound to oxygen as oxygen is released.
Carboxyhemoglobin
Term for hemoglobin when its iron binds to carbon monoxide.
Thrombopoiesis
Term for the formation of platelets (thrombocytes) that are technically not a cell.
Erythropoiesis
Term for the formation of red blood cells
Leukopoiesis
Term for the formation of white blood cells
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis
Term for the process of making new blood cells. Provide two terms
rouleaux
The 'stacks' of RBC's is known as:
Agglutination
The aggregation of red blood cells due to interactions between surface antigens and plasma antibodies. AKA Clumping or Hemolysis
42 and 46
The average percentage of hematocrit in males and females is how much?
5 liters
The average volume of blood is about how many liters?
Hemolysis
The breakdown of red blood cells
Granulocytes
The category of leukocytes that contain large granules that are easily seen and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes
The category of leukocytes that contain small granules that are not easily seen and include lymphocytes and monocytes
How does the structure of the hemoglobin relate to its function?
The central iron ions are what actually pick up and release oxygen molecules.
Hemostasis
The cessation of bleeding
Dark red
The color of deoxygenated blood is _____________
Bright red
The color of oxygenated blood is _____________
Antigen-antibody Complex
The combination of an antigen and a specific antibody.
120
The life span of a RBC is usually less than ____ days due to the lack of internal organelles.
90
The liver synthesizes and releases more than ___% of the plasma proteins.
Heme group
The part of hemoglobin that is a pigmented molecule containing iron and can reversible bind to one oxygen molecule (O2).
Hematocrit
The percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample is called a _______________________
hematuria
The presence of intact RBCs in urine- a sign called ____ occurs only after kidney damage or damage to vessels along the urinary tract.
Diapedesis
The process of WBCs migrating across the endothelial lining of a capillary squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells is called _____________
Thrombocyte
The scientific term for a platelet
Leukocyte
The scientific term for a white blood cell
Why the difference in hematocrit between male and female?
The sex difference in hematocrit primarily reflects the fact that androgens stimulate the red blood cell production, while estrogen does not.
hypoxia
The state of low tissue oxygen levels is called:
Albumins
The three main classes of plasma proteins consist of , clotting proteins, globulins and ________________
Clotting proteins
The three main classes of plasma proteins consist of albumins, globulins and ________________
Leukocyte
The type of blood cell that defend the body against pathogens and remove toxins and damaged cells.
globulins
These account for approximately 35% of proteins in plasma.
erythroblast
These actively synthesize hemoglobin and are named based on total size, amount of hemoglobin present, and size and appearance fo the nucleus.
white blood cells
These are less numerous than RBC's and participate in the body's defense mechanisms.
yellow bone marrow
These are marrow areas containing a fatty tissue known as:
platelets
These are small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to the process of clotting.
myeloid and lymphoid
These are the 2 stem cells produced by hemocytoblasts
red blood cells
These are the most abundant blood cells and are essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood.
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
These are the three formed elements in whole blood:
ferritin and hemosiderin
These are the two special protein-iron complexes that excess iron are stored in:
Transport globulins
These bind small ions, hormones, and compounds that might otherwise be lost at the kidneys or that have very low solubility in water.
apolipoproteins
These carry triglycerides and other lipids in the blood.
myeloid stem cell
These divide to produce RBCs and several classes of white blood cells.
phagocytes
These engulf the RBCs after they are ruptured or damaged (usually about 120 days)
hromone-binding proteins
These provide a reserve of hormones in the bloodstream.
metalloproteins
These transport metal ions.
steroid-binding proteins
These transport steroid hormones in the blood.
Myeloid and lymphoid
These two populations of stem cells are responsible for the production of all kinds of formed elements.
Why are mature red blood cells incapable of aerobic respiration, protein synthesis, and mitosis?
They don't have a nucleus or ribosomes or mitochondria
albumins
This accounts for roughly 60% of the plasma proteins.
Albumins
This is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma and are important in the tranport of fatty acids, thyroid horomones, some steroid hormones, and other substances.
Erythropoietin
This is aka erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone and is a glycoprotein, formed by the kidneys and liver that appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues are exposed to low Oxygen levels.
hemocytoblasts
This is also known as multipotent stem cells in bone marrrow
Hemoglobin
This is responsible for the cell's ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
hematocrit
This is the percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements.
fibrinogen
This major type of plasma protein functinos in clotting.
sickle cell anemia
This results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of the beta chains in Hb molecule.
erythropoietin
This stimulates increased cell division rates in erythroblasts and in the stem cells that produce erythroblasts and speeds up the maturation of RBCs.
During recycling, when iron is extracted from the heme molecules and released into the bloodstream, it binds to the plasma protein:
Transferrin
What are the three functions of platelets during the clotting process?
Transport chemicals important to clotting form a temporary patch in the walls of damaged blood vessels actively contract after the clot has formed
Circulating leukocytes represent a small fraction of the total population, since most WBS's are found in peripheral tissues
True
In a mature RBC, energy is obtained exclusively by anaerobic respiration (i.e. the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm)
True
What different blood types are there?
Type A Type B Type AB Type O Rh positive Rh negative
Hemolytic anemia
Type of anemia caused by RBC plasma membranes rupturing prematurely. The released hemoglobin pours into the plasma and may damage the filtering units (glomeruli) in the kidneys. The condition may result from inherited defects such as abnormal red blood cell enzymes or from outside agents such as parasites, toxins, or antibodies from incompatible transfused blood.
Hemorrhagic anemia
Type of anemia caused by excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding resulting from large wounds, stomach ulcers, or especially heavy menstruation.
Erythrocyte
Type of cell that contains hemoglobin and functions to carry oxygen.
B lymphocytes
Type of leukocyte that differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Hemoglobin
Type of protein that functions to carry oxygen and to a minor extent carbon dioxide.
fibrin
Under certain conditions, fibrinogen molecules interact, forming large, insoluble strands of ____ that are the basic framwork for a clot.
urobilins and stercobilins
Upon exposure to oxygen, some of the urogilinogens and stercobilinogens are converted to:
urobilins
Urine is yellow because it contains:
The first phase of homeostasis involves a period of local vasoconstriction called the:
Vascular phase
The most common clinical procedure for collecting blood for blood tests is the:
Venipuncture
Interactions between the dissolved proteins and the surrounding water molecules determine:
Viscosity
Interactions between the dissolved proteins, formed elements, and the surrounding water molecules determines the blood's
Viscosity
For erythropoieses to proceed normally, the myeloid tissues must receive adequate amounts of amino acids, iron, and:
Vitamin B12
For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the myeloid tissues must receive adequate amounts of amino acids, iron, and:
Vitamin B12
Blood regulation when body temp is low
Warm blood is directed to the brain and to other temperature sensitive organs.
androgens
What accounts for the difference in percentage of hematocrit in males and females?
The levels of respiratory gases and the concentrations and types of dissolved proteins
What are the primary differences between plasma and interstitial fluid?
Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens
What are the three major types of plasm proteins?
B12, B6, and folic acid
What are the three vitamins required for erythropoiesis?
Hemoglobin
What gives red blood cells their color and functions to carry oxygen?
disassembled and then either metabolized or absorbed by other cells
What happens to globular proteins when RBCs get recycled.
vessels of embryonic yolk sac
What is the primary site of blood formation for the first eight weeks of a developing fetus?
100.4
What is the temperature of blood in °F
agglutination
What it is called when foreign cells clump together.
92
What percentage of the volume does water account for in plasma?
hemoglobinuria
When abnormally large numbers of RBCs break down in the bloodstream, urine may turn red or brown, this is called:
carbaminohemoglobin
When alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin bind to carbon dioxide the form:
Buffy coat
When blood is centrifuged the WBCs and Platelets form a thin layer between the RBCs and plasma. What is this layer called?
serum
When preventing a blood clot in a sample of blood the clotting proteins are removed and this is what is left behind.
reticulocyte
When the erythroblast becomes a normoblast and shed its nucleus it becomes a:
How do elements of blood defend against toxins and pathogens in the body?
White blood cells defend against toxins and pathogens. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes engulf and digest bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses and cellular debris. Lymphocytes specialize to attack and destroy specific foreign cells, proteins and cancerous cells, directly or through the production of antibodies.
1000
Whole blood contains how many RBCs for every 1 WBC?
macrophages
____ of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor the condition of RBC and engulf them before they hemolyze.
A vitamin K deficiency in the body will eventually cause:
a breakdown of the common pathway, deactivating the clotting system
What is plasma?
a fluid connective tissue
Antigens:
a substance that is usually foreign to the body that can trigger an immune response
A condition in which a drifting blood clot becomes stuck in a blood vessel, blocking circulation, is called:
a thrombosis
What is the major function of a globulin?
a) bind small ions, hormones, or compounds that might otherwise be filtered out of the blood at the kidneys or have very low solubility in water b) attack foreign proteins and pathogens
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?
about four months
Rh negative blood:
absence of the Rh surface antigen
Clot destruction involves a process that begins with:
activation of the proenzyme plasminogen, which leads to the production of plasmin
clot destruction involves a process that begins with:
activation of the proenzyme plasminogen, which leads to the production of plasmin
normoblast
after 4 days of differentiation, the erythroblast is called a ____
When does the neutrophil die?
after engulfing one to two dozen bacteria
cross-reaction -->
agglutination
Antigens on the surfaces of RBCs whose presence and structure are genetically determined are called:
agglutinogens
What are the plasma proteins?
albumins globulins fibrinogen regulatory proteins
What three types of plasma proteins are in the blood?
albumins globulins fibronigen
The three primary classes of plasma proteins are:
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
The three primary classes for plasma proteins are:
albumins, globulins, and fibrogen
The number of eosinophiles increases dramatically during:
an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
The number of eosinophils increases dramatically during:
an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
A condition in which a drifting blood clot becomes stuck in a blood vessel, blocking circulation, is called:
an embolism
A person with type O blood contains:
anti-A and anti-B agglutinins
If you have type A blood, your plasma holds circulating _____ that will attack ______ erythrocytes
anti-B agglutinins Type B
If you have type A blood, your plasma holds circulating _____ that will attack _____ erythrocytes.
anti-B agglutinins; Type B
agglutinins -->
antibodies
Platelets are unique formed elements of the blood because they:
are cytoplasmic fragments rather than idividual cells
Red blood cells
are heavier due to the iron concentration and are at the bottom of the tube.
To check the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs, blood would be drawn from an
arterial puncture
Although they are very rare, Basophils release other chemicals that bring additional eosinophils and _____
basophils
Why do red blood cells only last four months?
because of the severe stress
When heme is stripped of its iron, it is converted to:
bilirubin
During RBC recycling each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to:
biliverdin
A specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix is the:
blood
platelets -->
blood clotting
What is the role of blood in the stabilization and maintenance of body temperature?
blood stabilizes and maintains body temperature by absorbing and redistributing the heat produced by active skeletal muscles. Dermal capillaries constrict when body temperature falls, thereby decreasing blood flow to the skin and conserving heat for internal organs that are more temperature sensitive.
What does blood stabilize?
body temperature
What is a leukocytes?
body's defense mechanism
The primary site of erythropoiesis in the adult is the:
bone marrow
pH regulation -->
buffer in blood
How do the cells leave the bloodstream and enter the damaged area?
by leaving through small pores in the blood vessel lining
How is blood type determined?
by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens in red blood cell plasma membranes
Blood transports dissolved gases, bringing oxygen from the lungs to the issues and carrying:
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
Blood transports dissolved gases, bringing oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carrying:
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
Organic Wastes?
carried to sites for excretion
Dehydration would:
cause an increase in the hematocrit
Agglutinogens are contained (on, in) the _____, while the agglutinins are found (on, in) the ______.
cell membrane of RBs; plasma
An arterial puncture generally drawn from the radial artery at the wrist or the brachial artery at the elbow would primarily be used for:
checking the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs
What is a platelets function?
clotting
What is the function of Fibrinogen?
clotting
What is the function of platelets?
clotting
Basophiles are specialized in that they:
contain histamine that exaggerates the inflammation reponse at the injury site.
Basophils are specialized in that they:
contain histamine that exaggerates the inflammation response at the injury site
Organic Waste consists of:
creatinine
T cells and B cells are representative cell populations of white blood cells identified as:
cymphocytes
The process of white blood cells migrating across the endothelial lining of a capillary, squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, is called:
diapedesis
A blood cell count that determines the numbers and kinds of leukocytes is called a:
differential
Loose connective tissue and cartilage contain a network of insoluble fibers, whereas plasma, a fluid connective tissue, contains:
dissolved proteins
What are the other solutes?
electrolytes organic nutrients organic wastes
In addition to water and proteins, plasma consists of:
electrolytes, nutrients, and organic waste
In addition to water and proteins, the plasma consists of:
electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes
What do neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes do?
engulf and digest bacteria, protoza, fungi, viruses, and cellular debris.
mature red blood cells -->
enucleated
What is the function of Regulatory Proteins?
enzymes hormones
Very immature RBCs that actively synthesize hemoglobin are the
erythroblasts
Reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature:
erythrocytes
Retilocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature:
erythrocytes
The blood cells that may originate int he thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes as well as in the bone marrow are the:
erythrocytes
what formed element is the most numerous?
erythrocytes
What are the formed elements?
erythrocytes leukocytes platelets
Leukemia is a condition charcterized by:
extremely elevated levels of circulating WBC's
Leukemia is a condition characterized by:
extremely elevated levels of circulating white blood cells
T/F: Circulating leukocytes represent a small fraction of the total population, since most white blood cells are found in peripheral tissues.
false
T/F: Plasma represents 56-63% of blood?
false
T/F: myeloid tissue is found in the tarsals, clavicals, and patella
false
The iron extracted from heme molecules during hemoglobin recycling is stored in the protein-iron complexes:
ferritin and hemosiderin
The iron extracted from heme molecules during hemoglobin recycling is stored int he protein-iron complexes:
ferritin and hemosiderin
The insoluble fibers that provide the basic framework for a blood clot are called:
fibrin
White blood cells -->
fight infections
Immobile monocytes found in many connective tissues are called
fixed macrophage
What does blood restrict?
fluid loss at injury sites
The large surface area-to-volume ratio of a red blood cell allows:
for oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged faster
Megakaryocytes are specialized cells of bone marrow responsible for:
formation of platelets
-poiesis
formation, production
The blood cells and cell fragments suspended in the ground substance are referred to as:
formed elements
Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
formed elements are produced through the process of:
Megakaryocytes are specialized cells of the bone marrow responsible for:
formulation of platelets
A hemoglobin molecule is composed of:
four protein chains and four heme groups
When the components of whole blood are separated, they are said to be:
fractioned
Platelets:
fragments containing enzymes
What is the major function of a fibronigen?
functions in blood clotting
What does blood transport?
gases nutrients hormones waste
Type AB blood:
has both surface antigen A and B
Type O blood:
has neither A nor B surface antigen
Type A blood:
has surface antigen A only
Type B blood:
has surface antigen B only
What is NOT a function of leukocytes?
help in ATP production
The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements is the:
hematocrit
The stem cells that produce all of the blood cells are called:
hematocytoblasts
Formed elements in the blood are produced by the process of:
hematopoiesis
The waste product of bilirubin is formed from:
heme
pigment complex -->
heme
The precursor of all blood cells in the human body is the:
hemocytoblast
The precursor of all blood cells that develop into mature:
hemocytoblast
The part of the red blood cell responsible for the cells ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide is
hemoglobin
What is responsible for binding the oxygen and the carbon dioxide together?
hemoglobin
What is the red pigment that causes blood to be red?
hemoglobin
Iron is necessary in the diet because it is involved with:
hemoglobin production
The presence of hemoglobin in urine is called:
hemoglobinuria
The most common blood test used to determine if a person is anemic is:
hemolobin
The rupturing of blood cells is called:
hemolysis
During this chapter you heard many examples of the key term to A & P, which is:
homeostasis
erythropoietin -->
hormone
Regulatory proteins function:
hormones
Why is a male's hematocrit higher than a females? ________ called ______
hormones androgen
When clinicians refer to low blood volumes, they use the term:
hypovolemic
Heterozygous
iAiB, alleles are different
Anemia
if the hematocrit is low or the Hb content of RBCs is reduced, the resulting condition is called:
Homozygous
ii, alleles are the same
reticulocytes -->
immature red blood cells
antibodies -->
immunoglobulin
Where do platelets reproduce?
in the bone marrow
Where does reproduction of blood cells take place?
in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues
Where are the new red blood cells produced?
in the red bone marrow
Erythropoietin directly stimulates red blood cell formation by:
increasing rates of mitotic divisions in erythroblasts, speeding up maturation of red blood cells, accelerating the rate of hemoglobin synthesis.
Rh positive blood:
indicates the presence of Rh surface antigen
The difference between the A, B, and O blood types and the Rh factor is:
individuals who are Rh- do not carry agglutinins to Rh factor unless they have been previously sensitized.
The blood transports specialized cells that defend peripheral tissues from:
infection and disease
The blood transports specialized in cells that defend peripheral tissues from:
infection and disease
The fate of iron after hemoglobin breakdown occurs as follows:
iron --> bloodstream --> transferrin --> (stored) ferritin and hemosiderin
The fate of iron after hemoglobin breakdown occurs as follows:
iron --> bloodstream -->transferrin --> new hemoglobin;; heme--> biliverdin -->bilirubin--> (liver)-->bile-->excreted;; iron --> bloodstream -->transferrin-->(stored) ferritin and hemosiderin
Hematocrit:
is the percent of whole blood contributed by formed elements
The important effect(s) on RBC due to their unusual shape is (are)
it enables RBC's to form stacks, it gives each RBS a lare surface area-to-volume ratio, it eneables RBS's to bend and flex when entering small capillaries.
bilirubin -->
jaundice
bilirubin -->
juandice
Excessive numbers of white blood cells refers to a condition called:
leukocytosis
An inadequate number of white blood cells is called:
leukopenia
Globulins involved in lipid transport are called:
lipoproteins
Erythropoietin appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to:
low oxygen concentrations
The blood cells that may originate in the thymus, spleen, and lympth nodes as well as in the bone marrow are the:
lymphocytes
the production of lymphocytes from stem cells is called
lymphocytes
The bloodstream carries cells, antibodies, and cytokines of the:
lymphoid system
monocyte -->
macrophage
What is the major function of an albumin?
maintain osmotic pressure of plamsa and are important in the transport of fatty acids
Plasma -->
matrix
Platelets originate from enormous cells called
megakaryocytes
Transport globulins that bind metal ions are called:
metalloproteins
Circulating mature RBC's lack
mitochondria, ribosomes, nuclei
The leukocyte that would be involved in attracting fibroblasts that produce scar tissue that "walls off" an injured area is a
monocyte
Agranular white blood cells:
monocyte lymphocyte
The two types of agranular leukocytes found in the blood are:
monocytes, lymphocytes
What are eosinophils most effective against?
multicellular parasites, such as flukes or roundworms that are too big to engulf
What are the first cells to arrive at the site of an injury?
neutrophils
Granular white blood cells:
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
microphages -->
neutrophils, eosinophils
Based on their staining characteristics, the types of granular leukocytes found in the blood are:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
If agglutinogen "B" meets with agglutinin "anti-A" the result would be:
no agglutination would occur
If agglutinogen "B" meets with agglutinin "anti-A", the result would be:
no agglutination would occur
Protein synthesis in a circulating RBC occurs primarily in:
none of these
Which of the three "other solutes" is responsible for ATP production?
organic nutrients
What is the function of Albumins?
osmotic pressure (water going over a membrane)
Regulatory functions of blood
pH Electrolytes Fluid loss/Hemostasis Body temperature
Anemia is:
painful, not enough erythrocytes
A vitamin B12 deficiency results in the type of anemia known as:
pernicious
The ground substance of the blood is the:
plasma
whole blood -->
plasma and formed elements
lymphocytes
plasma cells are derived from:
Serum is:
plasma minus fibronigen
During fibronlysis, the clot gradually dissolves through the action of
plasmin
during fibrinolysis the clot dradually dissolves through the action of
plasmin
After a clot has formed, the clot shrinks due to the action of actin and myosin filaments contained in
platelets
neutrophils -->
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
The acticity of the common pathway stimulates both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by the:
positive feedback loop which accelerated the clotting process
The activity of the common pathway stimulates both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by the:
positive feedback loop which accelerates the clotting process.
An arterial puncture generally drawn from the radial artery at the wrist or the brachial artery at the elbow would primarily be used for:
preparing a blood smear
Iron is necessary int he diet because it is involved with:
prevention of hematuria
heparin-->
prevents clotting
Define erythropoiesis.
production of red blood cells
ferritin -->
protein-iron complex
The "common pathway" in blood clotting involves the following events in sequential order as follows:
prothrombin ---> thrombin ---> fibrinogen ---> fibrin
In adults, the circulatory blood:
provides nutrients, oxygen, and chemical instructions for cells, is a mechanism for waste removal for cells, transports special cells to defend tissues from infections and disease
In adults, the circulatory blood:
provides nutrients, oxygen, and chemical instructions for cells; is a mechanism for waste removal for cells; and transports special cells to defend tissues from infection and disease
The best laboratory procedure for obtaining blood to determine the hemoglobin level is:
puncturing the tip of a finger
The best laboratory procedure for obtaining blood to determine the hemoglobin level is:
puncturing the tip of the finger
The formed elements of the blood consist of:
red and white blood cells, and platelets
What does RBC stand for?
red blood cells
Myeloid (marrow) tissue is also called
red bone marrow
erythr/o-
red, red blood cell
What do basophils do?
releases chemicals that bring additional eosinophils and basophils to the area
What is the function of a T cell?
responsible for cell-mediated immunity
What is the function of a B cell?
responsible for humoral immunity
What is the function of a NK cell?
responsible for immune surveillance
Circulating mature red blood cells lack:
ribosomes, mitochondria and nuclei
The flattened shape of RBcs enables them to form stacks called
rouleax
Homeostasis means:
self-regulating adjustments that keep the body healthy
When clotting proteins are removed from the plasma, the remaining fluid is the:
serum
A anemia resulting from the production of an abnormal form of hemoglobin results in a condition known as:
sickle cell anemia
An anemia resulting from the production of an abnormal form of hemoglobin results in a condition known as:
sickle cell anemia
Why do red blood cells form stacks?
so they can get through narrow, small blood vessels
What do lymphocytes do?
specialize to attack and destroy specific foreign cells, proteins, and cancerous cells, directly or through the production of antibodies.
lymphocytes -->
specific immunity
Venipuncture is a common sampling technique because:
superficial veins are easy to locate the walls of the veins are thinner than arteries the blood pressure in veins is relatively low
Venipuncture is a common sampling technique because
superficial veins are easy to locate, the walls of the vien are thinner than arteries, the blood pressure in veins is relatively low.
clot retraction -->
syneresis
Rh-negative blood indicates:
the absence of Rh agglutinogen
Rh-negative blood indicates:
the absence of the Rh agglutinogen
The part of the hemoglobin molecule that DIRECTLY interacts with oxygen is:
the iron ion
The part of the hemoglobin molecule that directly interacts with oxygen is:
the iron ion
The reason liver disorders can alter the composition and functional properties of the blood is because:
the liver is the primary source of plasma proteins
In hemolytic disease of the newborn:
the mother's agglutinins cross the placental barrier and destroy fetal red blood cells
In hemolytic disease of the newborn:
the mothers agglutinins cross the placental barrier and destroy fetal red blood cells
What does blood regulate?
the pH level and ion composition of interstitial fluid
What does your immune system recognize as normal?
the surface antigens on your plasma membrane
lymphoid stem cells
these divide to produce the various classes of lymphocytes.
What happens as monocytes are actively eating?
they will release chemicals that attract and stimulate neutrophils, additional monocytes, and other phagocytic cells
blood type
this is a classification determined by the presence or absence of specific surface antigens in RBC plasma membranes.
erythropoietin
this is released during anemia, when blood flow to the kidneys declines, when oxygen content of the lungs declines, and when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged.
erythropoiesis
this is the process of red blood cell formation.
How many new red blood cells enter the bloodstream each second?
three million
A low blood platelet count refers to a condition called:
thrombocytopenia
Platelet production -->
thrombocytopoeisis
A condition which generally results from accelerated platelet formation in response to an infection, inflammation, or cancer is:
thrombocytosis
A condition which generally results from accelerated platelet formation in response to infection, inflammation, or cancer is:
thrombocytosis
The rate of megakaryocyte activity and platelet formation is regulated by:
thrombopoietin interleukin-6 multi-CSF
The rate of megakaryocyte activity and platelet formation is regulated by:
thromopoietin, interleukin-6, multi-CSF
Stem cells responsible for lymphopoiesis are located in:
thymus and spleen lymphnodes and red bone marrow
The extrinsic pathway involved in blood clotting involves the release of:
tissue factors and tissue thromboplastin
The extrinsic pathway involved in blood clotting involves the release of:
tissue factors and tissue thromoplastin
What is something that does NOT get transported by blood?
toxins
What do white blood cells defend against?
toxins and pathogens
What does blood defend against?
toxins and pathogens
During red blood cell recycling, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to:
transferrin
The PRIMARY function of a mature red blood cell is:
transport of respiratory gases
The primary function of a mature RBC is:
transport of respiratory gases
What do erythrocytes do?
transport oxygen
globulin -->
transport protein
What is water used for?
transportation
The primary function of blood is:
transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes, and homones; regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; defense against doxins and pathogens
What is the function of Globulins?
transports ions, hormones
T/F: In a mature red blood cell, energy is obtained exclusively by anaerobic respiration.
true
A person with type O blood contains:
type O blood lacks agglutinins altogether
the first phase of hemostasis involves a period of local vasoconstriction called the ______ phase
vascular
The process of hemostasis includes five phases.
vascular, platelet, coagulation, clot retraction, clot destruction
The process of homeostasis includes 5 phases. The correct order of the phases as they occur after injury is as follows:
vascular, platelet, coagulation, clot retraction, clot destruction
What is collecting blood for analysis called?
venipuncture
median cubital vein -->
venipuncture
median cubital vein -->
venpuncture
Interactions between the dissolved proteins, formed elements, and the surrounding water molecules determine the body's
visocity
Electrolytes
vital cellular activities
What part of plasma is responsible for transporting the blood cells:
water
4
what percent of plasma proteins does fibrinogen account for?
Agglutination occurs
when an antibody is able to bind to an agglutinogen allowing the red blood cells to attach to each other. If agglutination occurs, substance is present, gives type of blood. Reaction gives type.
hemolysis
when this occurs, the Hb breaks down, and the alpha and beta chains are filtered by the kidneys and eliminated in urine.
The formed element of the blood include:
white blood cells red blood cells platelets
The "patrol agents" in the blood that defends the body against toxins and pathogens are:
white blood cells & antibodies
The "patrol agents" in the blood that defend the body against toxins and pathogens are:
white blood cells and antibodies
What type of fish were being used to research Von Willeband Disease?
zebra fish
