Chapter 19 correction final : race ethnicity and corrections
President Barack Obama signed The Fair Sentencing Act of ____________ eliminating the mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine use by offenders.
2010
_____________ are seven times more likely than whites to have been incarcerated at some time in a state or federal prison.
african Americans
the disparity between _____ and punishment patterns is key to the claim by some scholars that the criminal justice system is biased against minority groups
crime rates
Racial disparities become racial ____________if people who are otherwise similar in their criminality are treated differently by the criminal justice system.
discrimination
the overrepresentation of African Americans in the crj system has led to
disenfranchisement
__________is a difference between groups that can be explained by legitimate factors.
disparity
the sentencing for ___ crimes starting in the 1980s has led to a rapid increase in incarceration rates of African Americans
drug
_____ distinguishes people according to language religion and group traditions
ethnicity
According to the author, Race is very controversial to the extent that is has been recognized as having both political and biological implications.
false
African Americans make up roughly 13 percent of the entire us population but make almost 40 percent of the us prison population
false
Drug crimes are the only place we see discriminatory incarceration rates.
false
There have always been more African American men in prison than in college.
false
hispanics and whites are subjected to the crj system at a much higher rate than blacks
false
race is a sociological concept used to distinguish people by their cultural characteristics
false
western states tend to have the highest incarceration rates of African Americans in the United States
false
racist ____ it is argued help produce the higher crime rates among minorities and then racist fears of minorities help justify treating them more harshly when they are caught
institutions
____________ is assumed to be a biological concept that divides humankind into categories related to skin color and other physical features.
race
the ____________________ is the belief that white fear of African Americans is least when whites are the majority.
racial threat hypothesis
an investigation of behavior (such as criminal activity) based on a subjects responses is
self report study
________ such as poverty single parent families and unemployment contribute to higher crime rates
social problems
Some people claim that eliminating racism from the criminal justice system is not likely to occur, because the system is embedded in a larger racist ___________.
society
According to the author some people believe that ______________factors result in large numbers of Hispanics and African Americans being processed in the criminal justice system.
sociobiological
African american youths are more likely to be arrested for all crimes than any other race
true
Ethnicity relates to a person's language, religion, and group traditions.
true
Examination of self-report studies of criminality has often revealed that African American and white youths admit to similar participation in criminal and deviant activity.
true
The argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature is not sustained by the evidence.
true
as long as some groups in the u.s are unfairly excluded from societys opportunities they will have less motivation to obey its laws
true
discrimination occurs when groups are differentially treated without regard of their behavior or qualifications
true
disparity of income by racial groups is no longer a basic characteristic of u.s society
true
many observers believe the relationship between racism and the crj system is reciprocal
true
most Americans associate race with crime
true
one of the most disturbing aspects of contemporary u.s society is the increasing proportion of children who live in poverty
true
sentencing for drug crimes contributes to the high incarceration rate of African Americans
true
the ___ perception of the offender often differs from the race of those arrested
victims