Chapter 19 correction final : race ethnicity and corrections

President Barack Obama signed The Fair Sentencing Act of ____________ eliminating the mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine use by offenders.

2010

_____________ are seven times more likely than whites to have been incarcerated at some time in a state or federal prison.

african Americans

the disparity between _____ and punishment patterns is key to the claim by some scholars that the criminal justice system is biased against minority groups

crime rates

Racial disparities become racial ____________if people who are otherwise similar in their criminality are treated differently by the criminal justice system.

discrimination

the overrepresentation of African Americans in the crj system has led to

disenfranchisement

__________is a difference between groups that can be explained by legitimate factors.

disparity

the sentencing for ___ crimes starting in the 1980s has led to a rapid increase in incarceration rates of African Americans

drug

_____ distinguishes people according to language religion and group traditions

ethnicity

According to the author, Race is very controversial to the extent that is has been recognized as having both political and biological implications.

false

African Americans make up roughly 13 percent of the entire us population but make almost 40 percent of the us prison population

false

Drug crimes are the only place we see discriminatory incarceration rates.

false

There have always been more African American men in prison than in college.

false

hispanics and whites are subjected to the crj system at a much higher rate than blacks

false

race is a sociological concept used to distinguish people by their cultural characteristics

false

western states tend to have the highest incarceration rates of African Americans in the United States

false

racist ____ it is argued help produce the higher crime rates among minorities and then racist fears of minorities help justify treating them more harshly when they are caught

institutions

____________ is assumed to be a biological concept that divides humankind into categories related to skin color and other physical features.

race

the ____________________ is the belief that white fear of African Americans is least when whites are the majority.

racial threat hypothesis

an investigation of behavior (such as criminal activity) based on a subjects responses is

self report study

________ such as poverty single parent families and unemployment contribute to higher crime rates

social problems

Some people claim that eliminating racism from the criminal justice system is not likely to occur, because the system is embedded in a larger racist ___________.

society

According to the author some people believe that ______________factors result in large numbers of Hispanics and African Americans being processed in the criminal justice system.

sociobiological

African american youths are more likely to be arrested for all crimes than any other race

true

Ethnicity relates to a person's language, religion, and group traditions.

true

Examination of self-report studies of criminality has often revealed that African American and white youths admit to similar participation in criminal and deviant activity.

true

The argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature is not sustained by the evidence.

true

as long as some groups in the u.s are unfairly excluded from societys opportunities they will have less motivation to obey its laws

true

discrimination occurs when groups are differentially treated without regard of their behavior or qualifications

true

disparity of income by racial groups is no longer a basic characteristic of u.s society

true

many observers believe the relationship between racism and the crj system is reciprocal

true

most Americans associate race with crime

true

one of the most disturbing aspects of contemporary u.s society is the increasing proportion of children who live in poverty

true

sentencing for drug crimes contributes to the high incarceration rate of African Americans

true

the ___ perception of the offender often differs from the race of those arrested

victims