Final Exam-Earth Science-Glatz

Four non-renewable resources.

1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural gas 4. iron

Four types of deformation.

1. Folding-bending of rock from compressional stress. 2. Faulting-the fracturing in the crust along which movement has taken place. 3. Shearing-side past each other. 4. Compression-pushing the rock together.

Cinder cone volcano

30' to 40' degree steep slopes the erupts only once for 2 weeks to 2 years.

How fast do the plates move?

5 centimeters a year.

Caldera

A depression that forms by the collapse of the top of a volcano.

Nonrenewable resources

A resource that takes millions of years to form.

Renewable resources

A resources that is inexhaustible or that can be replenished over relatively short time spans.

Aftershocks

A small earthquake that follows the main earthquake.

Foreshocks

A small earthquake that often precedes or comes before a major earthquake.

Drumlin

A streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of glacial till.

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation that is tested to determine if it is valid. (an educated guess)

Theory

A well tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts.

The adjustments of materials that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes are called ____.

Aftershocks.

Biosphere

All life on Earth; the parts of the solid, hydrosphere and atmosphere in which living organisms can be found.

Horst

An elongated, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults.

According to the Nebular hypothesis, the solar system was formed by___.

An enormous cloud of dust and gases.

P waves

Are the fast and up and down waves.

S waves

Are the slower and back and forth waves.

The distance between a seismic station and the earthquake epicenter is determined from the ____.

Arrival times of P and S waves.

Plucking

As a glacier flows over the surface it looses and lifts blocks of rock and they get stuck in the ice.

How does the Richter scale measure earthquakes?

Based on the height of the largest seismic wave recorded on the seismogram.

Layers of the Earth.

Be able to label the crust, mantle, inner core and outer core.

What are the three main parts of the geosphere?

Crust, mantle, and core.

Basin

Downwarpping structures that have roughly circular shape.

Pyroclastic Materials

During a volcanic eruption particles ranging from very fine dust to pieces weighing several tons are ejected.

When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source, which is called the ___.

Focus

Major earthquakes are sometimes preceded by smaller earthquakes called ____.

Foreshocks.

The asthenosphere and lithosphere are parts of Earth's ___.

Geosphere.

According to the nebular hypothesis, solar system formed from a huge rotating cloud made mostly of _____ and _____.

Helium and hydrogen.

The theory of plate tectonics helps scientists explain_____.

How earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

Which of Earth's spheres includes the oceans, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers?

Hydrosphere

What is the core of the Earth made of?

Iron-nickle alloy

Fjord

Is a long narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs in a valley carved by glacial activity.

Astrology

Is not one of the main areas of Earth Science.

Anticline

Is usually formed by the upfolding, or arching, of rock layer.

Star Dune

Isolated hills, bases resemble stars.

Composite cone volcano

Large symmetrical-most explosive.

What it the main type of weathering in the desert?

Mechanical weathering.

Lahar

Mudflow made up of water-soaked volcanic ash and rock.

Syncline

Often found in association with anticlines, synclines are downfolds, or troughs.

Contour Interval

On a topographic map, tells the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines.

Which seismic waves compress and expand rocks in the direction the waves travel?

P waves

What conditions make for the worst earthquake damage to buildings?

P-waves.

Which seismic waves travel most rapidly?

P-waves.

Cirque

Pocket in the mountains where a glacier begins.

Volcanic Bomb

Pyroclastic particles that are larger than 64 millimeters in diameter that are ejected from the volcano as glowing lava.

Ephemeral streams

Streams that only carry water if it rains.

Three types of stress in rocks.

Tensional stress, Compressional stress, shear stress.

The Dust Bowl.....

The Dust Bowl of the the 1930's lasted about 10 years. Over planting crops during the drought caused the Dust Bowl of the 1930's.

Isostasy

The concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance upon the material of the mantle.

Longitude

The distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.

Latitude

The distance north and south of the equator, measured in degrees.

Atmosphere

The gaseous portion of a planet, the planet's envelope of air, one of the traditional subdivisions.

Epicenter

The location on Earth's surface directly above the focus, or origin, of an earthquake.

Ring of Fire

The long belt of volcanoes that circles the Pacific Ocean.

Convergent boundary

The plates collide-trenches, volcanoes, and mountain ranges.

Divergent boundary

The plates move apart and are found at mid ocean ridges.

Focus

The point within Earth where an earthquake originates.

Lithosphere

The rigid outer layer of Earth including the crust and the upper mantle.

Volcanic neck

The rock conduit that remains when the surrounding cone has been eroded.

Meterology

The scientific study of the atmosphere.

Astronomy

The scientific study of the universe.

Oceanography

The scientific study of the universe; it includes the observation and interpretation of celestial bodies and phenomena.

Astrology

The study of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs.

Where does the Earth get its energy?

The sun.

Plate tectonics

The theory that proposes the Earth's outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various was, producing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains and the crust itself.

Hydrosphere

The water portion of the Earth; one of the traditional subdivisions.

geology

The word geology literally means "study of Earth". The scientific study of the Earth.

Transform fault

They grind past each other.

What is the minimum number of seismic stations that is needed to determine the location of an earthquakes epicenter?

Three

Which type of map best shows differences in elevation?

Topographic map.

Dome

Upwarpping that produces a roughly circular shaped structure.

How do you find the epicenter of an earthquake?

Use readings from three seismographic stations. Draw three circles where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter. Where the three circles meet is the epicenter.

Two types of glaciers are ______.

Valley Glaciers and ice sheets.

Calving

When large pieces of ice break off.

What is the difference between older and younger mountains in terms of Isostasy?

When mountains are young the continental crust is thickest. When the mountains are older the continental crust is thinner because of erosion and up lift.

What effects the melting point of rocks?

When the pressure drops enough.

Is it true that P waves travel faster than S waves?

Yes, it is true.

On a topographic map, contour lines that form a circle indicate what?

a hill.

Garben

a valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault bounded rock.

Volcanic vent

an opening in the volcano through which molten rock and gases are release.

Wastage

melting, erosion and evaporation which reduces the area of the ice.

A scientific hypothesis can become a theory if ____.

the hypothesis is tested extensively and competing hypotheses are eliminated.

Geosphere

the layer of earth under both the atmosphere and the oceans; it is composed of the core, mantle, and the crust.

Are plants a renewable resource?

yes