Chapter 19 (Multiple Choice)

C. larynx

The thyroid gland is located just inferior to the A) trachea. B) esophagus. C) larynx. D) heart. E) spinal column.

A. erythropoietin

A kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow is A) erythropoietin. B) renin. C) angiotensin II. D) insulin. E) None of the answers are correct.

cholesterol

A lipid that has been implicated in causing heart and blood vessel problems, but is necessary for the production of corticosteroids, is A) sugar. B) unsaturated fat. C) cholesterol. D) aldosterone. E) None of the answers are correct.

D. supraoptic nucleus

ADH is manufactured by the A) posterior pituitary. B) paraventricular nucleus. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus. D) supraoptic nucleus. E) anterior pituitary.

c. pancreatic islets

About 1 percent of the pancreas is located in structures known as A) alpha cells. B) beta cells. C) pancreatic islets. D) the exocrine pancreas. E) pancreatic arteries.

E. glucocorticoids by the suprarenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causes the release of A) thyroid hormones by the pituitary. B) gonadotropins by the testes. C) growth hormone by the pituitary. D) hypothalamic releasing hormones. E) glucocorticoids by the suprarenal cortex.

epithelial

All endocrine structures develop from ________ tissue. A) connective B) neural C) epithelial D) muscle E) None of the answers are correct.

catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Amino acid derivative hormones and closely related compounds are structurally similar to individual amino acids, and include A) catecholamines and thyroid hormones. B) lipids and epinephrine. C) melatonin. D) steroids. E) eicosanoids.

B. renin

An enzyme produced by the kidneys that is important for the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume is A) angiotensin I. B) renin. C) thyroxine. D) thymosin. E) bilirubin.

D. anterior lobe

Another name for the adenohypophysis is A) hypophysis. B) neurohypophysis. C) pars intermedia. D) anterior lobe. E) None of the answers are correct.

E. all of the answers are correct

Calcitriol is A) a steroid. B) a form of vitamin D. C) used to increase blood calcium levels. D) produced in response to PTH. E) All of the answers are correct.

humoral stimuli

Changes in the composition of extracellular fluid are called A) hormonal stimuli. B) humoral stimuli. C) neural stimuli. D) endocrine reflexes. E) None of the answers are correct.

C. decreased ability to synthesize glucose

Damage to the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in A) the disappearance of axillary and pubic hair. B) an decrease in urine volume. C) decreased ability to synthesize glucose. D) increased water retention. E) decreased blood glucose levels.

A. muscle weakness

Decreased levels of parathyroid hormone could result in A) muscle weakness. B) profuse urination. C) a depressed immune system. D) increased sweating. E) All of the answers are correct.

C. a decrease of ADH

Diabetes insipidus is caused by A) a decrease in levels of insulin. B) an increase in levels of insulin. C) a decrease of ADH. D) a decrease in the number of insulin receptors. E) increased levels of aldosterone.

D. the production of estrogens declines too much to support ovulation

Early menopause in women will occur if A) insulin levels and production decline too rapidly. B) androgen production becomes too high. C) erythropoietin levels are maintained at too high a level in the blood. D) the production of estrogens declines too much to support ovulation. E) None of the answers are correct.

A. overproduction of growth hormone

Gigantism and acromegaly occur as a result of A) overproduction of growth hormone. B) overproduction of parathyroid hormone. C) insufficient secretion of epinephrine. D) insufficient production of estrogen. E) overproduction of mineralocorticoids.

none of the answers are correct

Hormones can alter cellular operations by changing A) the quantities of enzymes. B) the activities of enzymes in the cell. C) the types of enzymes in the cell. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Hormones influence cellular operations by changing which of the following features of cytoplasmic enzymes? A) types B) quantities C) activities D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A. the adjacent capillaries are fenestrated to permit passage of large molecules into the circulation.

Hormones released into the interstitial fluid by the anterior pituitary enter the circulation easily because A) the adjacent capillaries are fenestrated to permit passage of large molecules into the circulation. B) a strong countercurrent mechanism maintains a concentration gradient that draws them in. C) they pass easily through the infundibulum. D) they are brought through the choroid plexus by active transport. E) None of the answers are correct.

B. they form from modified sympathetic ganglionic neurons

How do the cells of the suprarenal medulla differ from other glandular cells? A) They do not differ from other cells. B) They form from modified sympathetic ganglionic neurons. C) They are a modified parasympathetic ganglion. D) They are chief cells that have migrated from the kidneys. E) None of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Hypothalamic centers regulate nervous and endocrine system activities by A) direct neural control over endocrine cells. B) acting as an endocrine organ, releasing ADH and oxytocin. C) secreting regulatory hormones to control pituitary gland activities. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

B. decreased secretion from the anterior pituitary.

Inhibiting hormones (IH) directly cause A) all types of hormones to decrease secretion. B) decreased secretion from the anterior pituitary. C) decreased pancreatic secretion. D) a decrease in thyroid function. E) androgen secretion.

negative feedback

Most endocrine reflexes are controlled by A) the nervous system. B) positive feedback. C) negative feedback. D) autoregulation. E) All of the answers are correct.

B. thyroxine

Myxedema and cretinism can result from the underproduction of A) insulin. B) thyroxine. C) thymosin. D) estrogens. E) androgens.

hormonal

Negative feedback on a releasing hormone by the presence of a peripheral hormone is an example of which type of endocrine reflex? A) humoral B) hormonal C) neural D) central E) inhibitory

C. zona fasciculata

Over three-quarters of the suprarenal cortex is the A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona reticularis. C) zona fasciculata. D) medulla. E) capsule.

B. suprarenal medulla

Special neural cells develop into the A) suprarenal cortex. B) suprarenal medulla. C) thyroid gland. D) pituitary gland. E) pancreas.

C. oxytocin

Stretch of the uterus causes the posterior lobe of the pituitary to release A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B) luteinizing hormone (LH). C) oxytocin (OT). D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). E) growth hormone (GH).

E. none of the answers are correct

Subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, low body temperature, muscular weakness, and slowed reflexes are symptoms of A) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. B) ketoacidosis. C) goiter. D) diabetes insipidus. E) None of the answers are correct.

D. inhibin

Sustentacular cells, which help support sperm development, release the hormone A) FSH. B) testosterone. C) LH. D) inhibin. E) None of the answers are correct.

B. suprarenal gland

The ________ is firmly attached to the superior border of the kidney. A) pancreas B) suprarenal gland C) stomach D) thyroid E) All of the answers are correct.

B. pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia.

The anterior pituitary can be divided into three regions: A) neurohypophysis, infundibulum, and adenohypophysis. B) pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. C) supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, and paraventricular nuclei. D) adenohypophysis, hypophyseal portal, and neurohypophysis. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given moment

The cells of the endocrine and nervous systems work together to A) provide widespread physiological effects throughout the body. B) provide long-lasting effects on a systemic basis. C) monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given moment. D) affect target organs, which are restricted to nerve, gland, muscle, and fat cells. E) provide gradual onset of the systemic effects.

A. blood calcium levels

The chief cells of the parathyroid gland monitor A) blood calcium levels. B) blood glucose levels. C) blood phosphate levels. D) calcitonin levels. E) None of the answers are correct.

C. aldosterone

The conditions of polyuria, low blood volume, and high blood potassium concentrations result from the underproduction of A) insulin. B) thyroxine. C) aldosterone. D) estradiol. E) testosterone.

C. estradiol

The hormone most important in supporting the maturation of the oocyte and growth of the uterine lining is A) progesterone. B) progestin. C) estradiol. D) LH. E) None of the answers are correct.

C. parathyroid hormone

The hormone that acts to oppose the effects of calcitonin is A) secreted by the thyroid glands. B) triiodothyronine. C) parathyroid hormone. D) secreted by the thymus. E) growth hormone.

B. regulating hormones to go directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

The hypophyseal portal system allows A) blood from the brain to drain to the internal jugular vein. B) regulating hormones to go directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. C) the blood—brain barrier to include the pituitary gland. D) wastes from the brain to stimulate the pituitary. E) All of the answers are correct.

B. isthmus

The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the A) infundibulum. B) isthmus. C) thyroid chiasm. D) medulla. E) cortex.

A. estrogens

The main hormone(s) secreted by the female ovaries include A) estrogens. B) testosterone. C) antidiuretic hormone. D) prostaglandins. E) follicle-stimulating hormone.

C. melatonin

The most important hormone produced by the pineal gland is A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) melatonin. D) somatostatin. E) None of the answers are correct.

C. growth hormone (GH)

The only hormone to target all cells to some degree is A) thyroid hormone. B) insulin. C) growth hormone (GH). D) luteinizing hormone (LH). E) None of the answers are correct.

E. kidney and the bones

The targets for PTH can be found in the A) heart. B) kidneys. C) bones. D) small intestine. E) kidneys and the bones.

B. interstitial cells

The testis in the male produces androgens in (the) A) testicular medulla. B) interstitial cells. C) epididymis. D) Sertoli cells. E) None of the answers are correct.

C. ADH and oxytocin

The two hormones released by the neurohypophysis are A) thyroid hormone and somatotropin. B) estrogen and progesterone. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) GH and prolactin. E) None of the answers are correct.

B. tight clusters of cells

The zona glomerulosa is so named because its glandular cells are arranged as A) longitudinal cords. B) tight clusters of cells. C) a highly branched system. D) individual cells surrounded by matrix. E) None of the answers are correct.

D. androgens

The zona reticularis releases very small amounts of A) aldosterone. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) androgens. E) None of the answers are correct.

B. posterior pituitary

What organ(s) is(are) nervous in structure but endocrine in function? A) thymus B) posterior pituitary C) anterior pituitary D) thyroid E) gonads

D. thyroid

Which gland stores its hormone extracellularly? A) pituitary B) pancreas C) kidney D) thyroid E) suprarenal cortex

D. calcitonin

Which hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids? A) parathyroid hormone B) triiodothyronine C) thymosin D) calcitonin E) thyroxin

D. luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which hormone stimulates ovulation and the secretion of progesterone by ovarian cells? A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) luteinizing hormone (LH) E) oxytocin (OT)

B. beta cells

Which of the following cell types produces insulin? A) gamma cells B) beta cells C) delta cells D) alpha cells E) All of the answers are correct.

A. they produce the hormone calcitonin

Which of the following describes the function of C cells? A) They produce the hormone calcitonin. B) They lie among the cuboidal follicle cells in the thyroid gland. C) Their secretions assist the function of parathyroid hormone. D) They are larger than the cells of the follicular epithelium. E) These cells do not stain as clearly as do the follicular cells.

C. thyroxine

Which of the following hormones contains iodine in its structure? A) erythropoietin B) growth hormone C) thyroxine D) angiotensin I E) thymosins

C. aldosterone

Which of the following is (are) a mineralocorticoid? A) androgens B) thyroxine C) aldosterone D) ADH E) cortisol

C) The systemic effects of the suprarenal medulla are long lasting

Which of the following is (are) unique to the suprarenal medullae? A) The suprarenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion. B) Some cells of the suprarenal medulla secrete epinephrine. C) The systemic effects of the suprarenal medulla are long lasting. D) Some cells of the suprarenal medulla secrete norepinephrine. E) All of the answers are correct.

B. release of oxytocin in response to smooth muscle contraction in the uterus

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? A) release of PTH in response to low calcium levels B) release of oxytocin in response to smooth muscle contraction in the uterus C) release of insulin in response to low blood sugar D) release of insulin in response to high blood sugar E) ADH release due to low blood pressure

E. all of the answers are correct

Which of the following is true of the suprarenal cortex? A) It is yellow in color because of the presence of stored lipids. B) It consists of three different layers. C) Each zone synthesizes different steroid hormones. D) If one zone is damaged, levels of the hormone it makes will decrease in the blood. E) All of the answers are correct.

A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Which of the following organs secrete hormones? (1) pancreas (2) liver (3) brain (4) suprarenal cortex (5) suprarenal medulla (6) thymus (7) ovary (8) testis (9) thyroid gland (10) pineal gland A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 B) 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 C) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 D) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 E) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

B. Graces' disease

Which of the following results from the overproduction of thyroid hormone? A) aldosteronism B) Graves' disease C) gynecomastia D) Addison's disease E) diabetes mellitus