chapter 19 practice - micro

Which of the following is a zoonotic disease?

rabies

The natural habitat of a pathogen or microorganism is called its ______ and can either be living (humans, animals) or non-living (soil, water, air).

reservoir

Which of these are potential reservoirs of infection?

soil and water, hospital equipment, a sick animal, a healthy person, a sick person, a healthy animal

Some people are genetically immune to disease such as HIV/AIDS and malaria.

true

Please choose all the parts of the body that serve as portals of entry for microorganisms.

vagina, nose, mouth, urethra, broken skin

A recent report showed that in some low- and middle-income countries where people have to pay for their own medications, generic forms of those drugs can be extremely expensive. Indeed, in some countries, generic medication prices in the public sector are as much as 400% higher than international reference prices. A result of this situation is that treatment of certain diseases in these countries is not possible. Which surveillance agency do you think would produce this type of report?

world health organization

Which of the following are characteristics of a pathogen that may affect disease spread?

- Virulence factors - disease incubation period - infectious dose pathogen

Which of the following are reasons that made smallpox virus a good target for eradication?

- human beings were the only reservoir for the virus - the symptoms of the disease were highly evident and obvious - an effective vaccine was able to be produced and administered across the globe - obviously infected individuals were able to be quarantined quickly to prevent spread of the infection to other susceptible individuals

The organism that causes the disease leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of a sandfly (an arthropod). Based on this information, what conclusions can you make regarding leishmaniasis?

- it is acquired by indirect transmission - is it transmitted by a vector

Different factors in hosts and of pathogens themselves can influence the epidemiology of a disease. Which of the following are HOST factors that would influence epidemiology?

- religious and cultural practices - previous exposure or immunization of a population to a disease agent - gender - age of population - general health of a population - genetic background of infected individuals

chain of infection

1. reservoir of infectious agent 2. portal of exit 3. transmission 4. portal of entry 5. susceptible host

From a global standpoint, which of the following is the most serious immediate threat? A disease that 1. is epidemic 2. is endemic 3. has a high morbidity rate 4. is pandemic 5. has a high mortality rate

4 & 5

Which of the following are examples of microbial evolution that may lead to disease emergence or reemergence?

Acquiring ability to form a capsule, Gaining a toxin gene by horizontal transfer, Developing resistance to antimicrobial medications, Gaining new reservoirs of infection

Which of the following is NOT an example of how human behavior can lead to emergence or reemergence of disease?

Acquisition of toxin genes by one bacterial strain from another via horizontal gene transfer.

world health organization

Agency of the United Nations that provides worldwide guidance in the field of health.

experimental study

Assessment of effectiveness of preventative factor by comparing cohorts receiving either treatment or placebo. Used to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention in preventing disease.

analytical studies

Attempt to determine which risk factors are relevant to disease development.

Please choose the best definition of virulence factors.

Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease.

Which of the following refers to a descriptive epidemiological study?

Collecting data that characterize the occurrence, from the time and place of the outbreak to the individuals infected

case-control study

Comparison of diseased people with healthy controls to determine events leading to disease.

descriptive study

Data collected from an outbreak used to predict risk factors in spread of that disease. Attempt to identify potential risk factors that lead to disease.

cohort study

Groups of people with known risk factors followed over time to correlate disease cause with effect.

Leptospirosis is a disease that can be contracted by swimming in lakes contaminated with urine of infected rodents. Signs and symptoms develop 2 to 4 weeks after exposure and include fever, headache, chills, and muscle aches. Based on this information, which of the following can you conclude?

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease.

centers for disease control and prevention

Provides support for infectious disease laboratories and collects data on diseases that impact public health.

public schools

Report absentee rates for young children, alerting surveillance personnel to impending or occurring outbreaks.

hospital laboratories

Report on isolation of pathogens with epidemiological significance in treated patients.

cross-sectional study

Snapshot assessment of a particular population to determine associations between risk factors and disease.

Which of the following statements best describes a patient who has developed a nosocomial infection?

The patient recently received treatment in a hospital or clinic.

sporadic diseases

a disease that occurs only from time to time

pandemic

an epidemic that spreads over several continents

A person who is bitten by an infected flea carrying a blood-borne pathogen is as risk of developing

an infection of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

epidemic

an unusually large number of cases of a disease in a population

The type of epidemiological study that determines the characteristics of the people involved and the time and place of the outbreak is a _______ study.

descriptive

endemic

diseases constantly present in a population

Please select the mode of disease transmission being demonstrated in this scenario: A teacher walking through her first grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn't immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience the symptoms of a cold.

fomite

All of the following are matching pairs EXCEPT

fomite - droplet transmission

outbreak

group of cases of a disease in a specific population

Hand washing is an effective way to prevent

horizontal transmission of a disease

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the U.S., part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s. Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic.

incidence

A disease is included on the Notifiable Infectious Diseases List for the CDC if it

is of relatively high incidence or poses potential danger to public health.

Please select all the examples that involve direct transmission of infectious disease.

kissing, touching, droplet spread

A new disease is discovered that is often fatal to humans. Its natural cycle involves baboons and mice, and the causative agent is transmitted between those hosts by mosquitoes. Humans acquire the disease after being bitten by a mosquito that has previously fed on an infected baboon. What is the vector of the disease?

mosquito

A new disease spreads rapidly around the world, causing disease in many but death in few. From this information, you can reasonably state that this

pandemic has a high morbidity rate.

Much work is currently being done toward global eradication of which of the following diseases?

polio

Which of the following is an example of microbial evolution leading to the emergence of a disease?

A bacterial cell acquiring the ability to produce a protective capsule.

Consider the statements below. Which of the people described is LEAST likely to contract the disease?

A person who contracts 30 cells of a pathogen that has an infectious dose of 100,000 cells.

public health departments

A state entity responsible for infection surveillance and control, as well as other health-related activities.

Which of the following describes an analytical epidemiological study?

Designed to determine which potential risk factors are actually relevant in the spread of the disease. Can include cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective studies