Chapter 19 quilet
Task Identity
The degree to which a job allows an employee to complete an entire task rather than just part of the task
Types of Operating Systems
•Continuous flow system •Intermittent flow system
Types of processes, important for managerial planning
•Conversion processes •Fabrication processes •Assembly processes •Testing processes
Aggregate Operations Planning
•Deals with overall operations and balancing the major parts of the operating system •Aims to to minimize the cost of resources required to meet demand over the period covered.
Assembly Charts
•Depicts the sequence and manner in which the various parts of a product or service are assembled
Job Design
•Designates the specific work activities of an individual or a group of individuals •Three phases of job design •The specification of individual tasks •The specification of the method of performing each task •The combination of individual tasks into specific jobs to be assigned to individuals
Resource allocation Requires
•Determining and ordering required materials •Distributing works to different departments and work stations •Allocating personnel and tile limits for each stage of the process
Skill variety
Different skills an employee needs to perform a job
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970
Federal legislation designed to reduce job injuries; established specific federal safety guidelines for almost all U.S. organizations
Task significance
Refers to the level of impact a job has on the whole organization
Job Methods
•Manner in which the human body is used, the arrangement of the workplace, and the design of the tools and equipment used
Operations Planning
•Involves designing the systems of the organization that produce the goods or services. •Planning the day-to-day operations •Designing of the systems is long- range and strategic planning issue
Process Selection
•Includes decisions about the specific process to be used, the basic sequences of the process, and the equipment to be employed •Product/service design decisions and the process selection decisions should be closely coordinated
Ergonomics concerns
design equipment and work place such that it makes work physically easy
Motion study
determining the necessary motions and movements to perform a job or task and designing methods that facilitate those movements ( ORIGINAL MCDONALDS)
Five Job Characteristics
skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback
Site Selection
•Location decisions relate to offices warehouses, service centers, and branches, as well as the parent facility
Process Layout
•Groups together equipment or services of a similar functional type -A product/customer moves from area to area in the desiredsequence of functional operation
•Materials-handling function includes
•Handling unit and container design •Micromovement •Macromovement Staging and storage of materials
•Continuous flow system
•Have a standardized product or service •Product or service is often advertised and is immediately available to the customer •Has relatively large volumes of identical or similar products or services flowing through similar stages of the operating system •Results in lower unit costs
Materials Handling
•Macromovement •Staging and storage of materials •Control system for directing and tracking activity
CPM and PERT
•Activity is the work necessary to complete a particular event, and it usually consumes time •Events denote a point in time, and their occurrence signifies the completion of all activities leading to the event
Process Layout
•Advantage •Employees perform a wider variety of tasks thus are less likely to become bored at their jobs •Disadvantage •Requires highly skilled workers
Product Layout
•Advantage •Simplifies production planning •Allows workers to specialize in a small number of simple tasks •Disadvantage •Workers who perform small number of repetitive tasks get bored •An assembly line can move only as fast as the slowest link in the chain
Job Content
•Aggregate of all the work tasks the jobholder may be asked to perform •If the number of tasks is extremely limited, the job can become overly routine and may lead to motivational problems •Different people react differently to similar jobs
Sociotechnical Approach
•Approach to job design that considers both the technical system and the accompanying social system •The environment of every sociotechnical system is influenced by a culture, its values, and a set of generally accepted practices
Product Layout
•Arranges equipment or services according to the progressive steps by which the product is made or the customer is served •Equipment or services necessary to produce a product or completely serve a customer are located in one area
•Computer-aided design (CAD)
•Carrying out all structural or mechanical design processes of a product or component at a specially equipped computer terminal
Operating Systems and Activities
•Consist of the processes and activities necessary to turn inputs into goods or services •Add value by improving, enhancing, or rearranging the inputs •In some situations, breaks something down from a larger quantity to smaller quantities with more value •Produces services by turning inputs into more useful outputs
design process into one physical system
•Construction of a new or an additional facility •Obsolescence of current facilities • Changes in demand • Development of a new or redesigned product or process • Personnel considerations
Activity Scheduling
•Develops the precise timetable to be followed in producing the product or service •Includes dispatching work orders and expediting critical and late orders •Is the link between system design and operations planning and control
resource allocation
•Efficient allocation of people, materials, and equipment to meet the demand requirements of the operating system
Operations Management
•Evolved from the field of production or manufacturing management. •Deals with the application of the basic concepts and principles of management to production of goods and services
Routing
•Finds the best path and sequence of operations for attaining a desired level of output with a given mix of equipment and personnel
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
•Graphically depicts the relationships among the various activities of a project •Used when the durations of the project activities are not accurately known
Critical Path Method (CPM)
•Graphically depicts the relationships among the various activities of a project •Used when time durations of project activities are accurately known and have little variance
Gantt Chart
•Graphically depicts work planned and work accomplished in their relation to each other and to time •Requires operations managers to clearly think through the sequence of events necessary to complete the tasks being charted
Aggregate Operations Planning •Steps to plan development
•Obtain demand forecast for the organization's goods or services •Evaluate the impact of the demand forecasts on the organization's resources •Develop the best plan for using the organization's current and expected resources to meet the forecast demand
•Flow process chart
•Outlines what happens to the product as it moves through the operating facility •Maps the flow of customers through a service facility
Day to Day Operations Planning
•PRODUCT PLANNING- Includes aggregate operations planning, resource allocation, and activity scheduling •Aims to maintain a smooth, constant flow of work from start to finish so that the product or service is completed in desired time
The process of planning the optimal physical arrangement of facilities, Includes
•Personnel •Operating equipment •Storage space •Office space •Materials-handling equipment •Room for customer service and movement
•Intermittent flow system
•Produces customized products and services •Does not keep an inventory of finished products or offer standardized services •Requires special-purpose equipment that is less flexible and usually more expensive than general-purpose equipment
Basic Layout Classifications
•Product layout •Processing layout -Fixed position layout •Computer-based simulations and related models are help managers visualize and generate different facility layouts
Product/ Service Design
•Product or service determines the design of an organizations operating system •The design and system should be such that it enables producing a functional product or service at minimum cost
The Importance of Operations Management (Critical)
•Production of goods or services involves the bulk of an organization's financial assets, personnel, and expenses •Operation process takes up an appreciable amount of time
•A materials-handling system
•Receives, stores and moves materials between processing points, between buildings •Positions the final product or service for delivery to the ultimate customer
Computer-aided engineering (CAE)
•Refers to control of the manufacturing process by computers •Uses stored data regarding various products to provide instructions for automated production equipment
Autonomy
•Refers to the independence employees have to make decisions about how to perform their jobs
Physical Work Environment
•Refers to workplace conditions that affect employee safety and productivity •Include factors such as temperature,humidity, ventilation, noise, light,color
Ergonomics
•Study of the interface between people and, machines •Involves designing workplaces, tools, instruments, and furniture that take into account the physical abilities of people
Site Selection
•Subcontract work •Add another shift •Work overtime •Move operation to a larger facility •Expand the current facility •Keep the current facility and add another facility elsewhere
Sociotechnical Approach Guidelines
•The need for the content of a job to be reasonably demanding for the employee in terms other than sheer endurance and yet provide some variety •The need to be able to learn on the job and go on learning •The need for some minimum area of decision making that the individual can call his or her own •The need for some minimum area of decision making that the individual can call his or her own •The need to be able to relate what the individual does and what he or she produces to the person's social life •The need to feel that the job leads to some sort of desirable future
CPM and PERT
•The path through the network that has the longest duration is referred to as the critical path •Advantages over Gantt charts •Interdependencies of the activities are noted explicitly •Activities are shown in greater detail •Gantt charts become difficult for projects with more than 25 activities
Materials Handling
•Usage and movement of materials used in manufacturing of goods, influences facilities lay out •Lay out is affected by size, shape, weight, density, and even the flexibility of the materials used
Fixed-position Layout
•Used when the product is too large to move and remains in one place
•Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)
•Uses computer technology to incorporate all of the organization's production-related functions into an integrated computer system •Automates most of the operations •Involves integrating product design, engineering, process planning, and manufacturing through the use of computer systems •Aims to link various parts of an organization to achieve rapid response to customer orders or product changes, to allow fast production, and to reduce indirect labor costs