Chapter 2

According to the principle of _____, everything a person experiences in based on representations in the person's nervous system. a. neural representation b. physiologic equivalence c. neuronal nets d. cognitive encoding

a

In a physiological levels of analysis to memory, what would be the second step? a. neurons activated b. brain storage c. chemical processes d. storage activated

a

Paul Broca found that damage to what is now called Broca's area results in difficulty with the _____ of speech while Carl Wernicke found that damage to what is now called Wernicke's area results in difficulty with the _____ of speech. a. production; comprehension b. production and comprehension; production but not the comprehension c. comprehension but not the production; production and comprehension d. comprehension; production

a

The extrastriate body area would be expected to become activated by seeing all of the following EXCEPT ___. a. faces b. legs c. hands d. torsos

a

The fact that certain neurons might respond to only your mother's face but not your father's face highlights the importance of ___. a. specificity coding b. population coding c. hierarchical processing d. feature detectors

a

The idea of _____ representation asserts that a specific cognitive function may activate a number of areas throughout the brain. a. distributed b. complex c. population d. massed

a

Which approach refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each one contributing its own dimension to our understanding? a. levels of analysis b. network modeling c. information processing d. cognitive neuroscience

a

How does Broca's area differ from Wernicke's area? a. Broca's area is in the occipital lobe whereas Wernicke's area is in the occipital lobe. b. Broca's area is involved with producing language whereas Wernicke's area helps to comprehend language. c. Broca's area is involved in memory whereas Wernicke's area is not. d. Broca's area tends to be damaged in stroke victims whereas Wernicke's area is damaged in schizophrenic individuals.

b

If you're having problems with your vision, then it's likely that there could be a problem with your ___ lobe. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal

b

Nerve nets were initially likened to work like ___. a. a mountain b. a highway c. quicksand d. a volcano

b

Skye is recording from ten neurons in an area of the brain involved in processing information about faces. She finds that one neuron responds to Garrett's face and only Garrett's face; one neuron respond's to Maria's face and only Maria's face; and one neuron responds to Kayla's face and only Kayla's face. Skye's findings are most consistent with _____ coding. a. identity b. specificity c. population d. feature

b

When stimulus intensity increases, the _____ of neurons increases. a. firing intensity b. firing rate c. excitatory threshold d. action potential threshold

b

Which technique is able to trace the communication pathways among neurons? a. magnetic resonance imaging b. diffusion tensor imaging c. positron emission tomography d. computer aided tomography

b

With a double dissociation, a. damage to one area of the brain causes damage to another area. b. damage present in one area of the brain causes disruption while another area continues to function. c. one area of brain improves its functioning while another area remains constant. d. two areas of the brain are simultaneously damaged but then improve.

b

Because of _____, it is possible for a signal to be transmitted across the gap that separates the end of the axon from the dendrite or cell body of another neuron. a. nerve impulses b. action potentials c. neurotransmitters d. ion exchange

c

Brittany is recording from twelve neurons in an area of the brain involved in processing information about faces. She finds that neurons 1, 3, 6 and 9 respond to Garrett's face and only Garrett's face; neurons 2, 4, 5 and 8 respond to Maria's face and only Maria's face; and neurons 7, 8, 10 and 11 respond to Kayla's face and only Kayla's face. Brittany's findings are most consistent with _____ coding. a. identity b. specificity c. population d. feature

c

Hubel and Wiesel found that neurons they called _____ responded to characteristics of visual stimuli such as orientation, movement, and length. a. specificity neurons b. sparse coders c. feature detectors d. dissociators

c

Population coding is to sparse coding as ___. a. pattern is to disorganized b. disorganized is to pattern c. large is to small d. small is to large

c

Research indicates that the PPA would be most likely to respond to a picture of _____. a. human or animal faces b. body parts other than the face c. outdoor scenes d. abstract paintings

c

Studying _____ is to studying the performance of a gaming mouse as studying _____ is to studying the hardware and software that affect its performance. a. anatomy; behavior b. anatomy; physiology c. behavior; physiology d. physiology; behavior

c

The technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which has enabled researchers to determine how various types of cognition activate different areas of the brain, makes use of the fact that _____. a. highly active areas of the brain are denser and block magnetic impulses b. neural impulses generate tiny magnetic fields c. hemoglobin, which transmits oxygen, has magnetic properties d. radioactively-labeled glucose light up more on scanning

c

The temporal lobe is to the _____ as the parietal lobe is to the _____. a. somatosensory cortex; coordination of the senses b. visual cortex; auditory cortex c. auditory cortex; somatosensory cortex d. auditory cortex; coordination of the senses

c

Your ability to perceive pain is particularly guided by your ___ lobe. a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. frontal

c

neuron

cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system

neurotransmitter

chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials

distributed representation

concept that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain

prosopagnosia

condition caused by temporal lobe damage that is characterized by an inability to recognize faces

Although early anatomists viewed neurons as forming a continuous structure called a _____, Ramon y Cajal proposed the _____, which recognized that neurons are distinct, individual structures that communicate with each other. a. nerve fiber; neural network b. structural net; functional net c. potentiator; interactionist model d. neural net; neuron doctrine

d

Cole is a neuropsychologist studying patients with damage in areas of the brain related to vision. One patient, C.M., scores within normal limits on tests of visual imagery but experiences left-sided visual neglect and does not report objects presented on the left side of his body. The other patient, N.I., does not experience left-sided neglect but scores abnormally on tests of visual imagery. Taken together, Cole's patients demonstrate _____. a. functional independence b. complex networking c. sparse localization d. double dissociation

d

Consistent with the principle of neural representation, which of the following factors would be LEAST consequential in understanding our experience of seeing another person? a. electrical signals in one's optic nerve b. electrical signals in one's brain c. the image on one's retina d. the light reflected from the other person

d

Greta suffers from prosopagnosia. As such, we would expect her to ___. a. show limited intelligence b. have poor speech production c. not be able to see clearly d. have an inability to recognize faces

d

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together are called _____. a. distributed functions b. population processes c. interactional topologies d. neural networks

d

If a researcher detects how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers, then he or she is likely engaged in the technique called ___. a. functional magnetic resonance imaging b. magnetic resonance imaging c. distributed representation d. diffusion tensor imaging

d

Santino has damage to the temporal lobe on the lower right side of his brain and is experiencing _____, which is an inability to recognize faces. a. hemi-neglect b. apraxia c. aphasia d. prosopagnosia

d

Suppose you're carefully deliberating as to whether to accept a certain job offer. In doing so, you are especially using your ___ lobe. a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. frontal

d

The chief limitation of magnetic resonance imaging is that ___. a. it does not detect brain abnormalities b. it is rarely used in clinical practice c. it can't reveal brain structures d. it doesn't indicate neural activity

d

The neuron doctrine, ___ the nerve net theory, suggests that individual cells transmitting signals ___ continuous with each other. a. like; are b. like; are not c. unlike; are d. unlike; are not

d

nerve impulse

electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon

neural curcuit

group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for processing

neural network

group of structures that are connected together

localization of function

ideas that specific areas of the brain are responsible for specific operations

action potential

impulse responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons

axon

long structure that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse

nerve net

network of continuously interconnected neuron fibers

hierarchical processing

neural movement that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain

popultion coding

neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of many neurons

cerebral cortex

outer layer of the brain that contains the mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions

parietal lobe

region in the brain containing mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulating the skin

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

region in the brain containing neurons selectivity activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes

temporal lobe

region in the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for language, memory, hearing, and vision

occipital lobe

region in the brain that is devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual information

frontal lobe

region in the brain that serves functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning

Broca's area

region in the frontal lobe associated with the production of language

extrastriate body area (EBA)

region in the temporal cortex activated by pictures of the human form, but not by faces

Wernicke's Area

region in the temporal lobe associated with understanding language

voxel

small cube-shaped area in the brain used in analyzing data from brain scanning experiments

synapse

space between the end of an axon and the cell body of the next axon

receptor

specialized neural structure that responds to environmental stimuli, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli

dendrite

structure that branches out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

technique based on detection of how water spreads along the length of nerve fibers

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

technique that creates pictures of structures within the brain

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity