Chapter 2

RAM (Define)

(Same Definition as Main memory) the memory unit that works directly with the CPU and in which the data and instructions must reside in order to be processed

Fixed partitions are also called ____ partitions. a. complete c. direct b. static d. sized

Static

The release of memory space by the Memory Manager is called ____. a. fragmentation c. free memory b. relocation d. deallocation

deallocation

Memory compaction is also referred to as ____. a. defragmentation c. reallocation b. collection d. dynamic allocation

defragmentation

Each peripheral device has its own software, called a(n) ____, which contains the detailed instructions required to start that device, allocate it to a job, use the device correctly, and deallocate it when it's appropriate. a. device controller c. device handler b. device software d. device driver

device driver

A large job can have problems with a first-fit memory allocation scheme. (T/F)

True

After relocation and compaction, both the free list and the busy list are updated. (T/F)

True

An important function of the Processor Manager is to keep track of the status of each job, process, and thread. (T/F)

True

In a dynamic partition system, a null entry in the busy list occurs when a memory block between two other busy memory blocks is returned to the free list. (T/F)

True

In a fixed partition scheme, large jobs will need to wait if the large partitions are already booked, and they will be rejected if they're too big to fit into the largest partition. (T/F)

True

In the 1980s, as a result of multiprocessing techniques, it became possible to execute two programs at the same time in parallel. (T/F)

True

In the 2010s, chips with millions of transistors that were very close together helped increase system performance dramatically. (T/F)

True

In the relocatable dynamic partitions scheme, the Memory Manager relocates programs to gather together all of the empty blocks and compact them to make one block of memory large enough to accommodate some or all of the jobs waiting to get in (T/F)

True

Memory defragmentation is performed by the operating system to reclaim fragmented space. (T/F)

True

Networking was not always an integral part of operating systems (T/F)

True

One of the problems with the best-fit algorithm is that the entire table must be searched before the allocation can be made because the memory blocks are physically stored in sequence according to their location in memory. (T/F)

True

Operating systems with networking capability have a fifth essential manager called the Network Manager that provides a convenient way for authorized users to share resources. (T/F)

True

Research continues to focus on finding the optimum allocation scheme. (T/F)

True

Single-user systems in a non-networked environment allocate, to each user, access to all available main memory for each job, and jobs are processed sequentially, one after the other. (T/F)

True

The Device Manager is responsible for connecting with every device that's available on the system and for choosing the most efficient way to allocate them. (T/F)

True

The algorithm used to store jobs into memory in a fixed partition system requires a few more steps than the one used for a single-user system because the size of the job must be matched with the size of the partition to make sure it fits completely. (T/F)

True

The bounds register is used to store the highest (or lowest, depending on the specific system) location in memory accessible by each program. (T/F)

True

The buffers used in the 1950s to reduce the discrepancy in speed between the I/O and the CPU were conceptually similar to those now used routinely by Web browsers to make video and audio playback smoother. (T/F)

True

The central processing unit (CPU) is the brains of the computer with the circuitry to control the interpretation and execution of instructions. (T/F)

True

The first attempt to allow for multiprogramming used fixed partitions. (T/F)

True

The first bug was a moth trapped in a Harvard computer. (T/F)

True

The fixed partition scheme works well if all of the jobs run on the system are of the same size or if the sizes are known ahead of time and don't vary between reconfigurations. (T/F)

True

The operating system manages each and every piece of hardware and software (T/F)

True

There are two primary types of user interfaces: the graphical user interface and the command line interface. (T/F)

True

The ____ is often very different from one operating system to the next, sometimes even between different versions of the same operating system. a. User Interface c. Memory Manager b. Process Manager d. File Manager

User Interface

CPU (Define)

a component that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions.

Processor Manager (Define)

a composite of the Job Scheduler and the Process Scheduler, which decides how to allocate the CPU

Mainframe (Define)

a computer system characterized by its large size, high cost, and relatively fast performance.

Hybrid System (Define)

a computer system that supports both batch and interactive processes.

Real-Time-System (Define)

a computing system used in time-critical environments that require guaranteed response times

embedded computer system (Define)

a dedicated computer system that often is part of a larger physical system. Often, it must be small, fast, and able to work with real-time constraints, fail-safe execution, and nonstandard I/O devices.

Server (Define)

a node that provides to clients various network services

Network (Define)

a system of interconnected computer systems and peripheral devices that exchange information with one another.

interactive system (Define)

a system that allows each user to interact directly with the operat- ing system.

Multiprogramming (Define)

a technique that allows a single processor to process several pro- grams residing simultaneously in main memory and alternating their execution by overlapping I/O requests with CPU requests.

Cloud Computing (Define)

a technology that allows several computer functions to take place over a large network

Batch System (Define)

a type of computing system that executes programs, which are submitted in its entirety, can be grouped into batches, and executed without external intervention.

The word ____ is used to indicate that a program is permanently held in ROM (read only memory), as opposed to being held in secondary storage. a. hardware c. software b. firmware d. shareware

firmware

The ____ method keeps the free/busy lists organized by memory locations, from low-order memory to high-order memory. a. fixed partition allocation c. dynamic fit memory allocation b. first-fit memory allocation d. best-fit memory allocation

first-fit memory allocation

When reading an instruction, the operating system can tell the ____ of each group of digits by its location in the line and the operation code. a. function c. order b. value d. assignment

function

The phenomenon of less-than-complete use of memory space in a fixed partition is called ____. a. dynamic fragmentation c. external fragmentation b. internal fragmentation d. fixed fragmentation

internal fragmentation

The most common mechanism for implementing multiprogramming was the introduction of the ____ concept, whereby the CPU was notified of events needing operating systems services. a. paging c. messaging b. sharing d. interrupt

interrupt

The name for the core portion of an operating system is the ____ a. manager c. nucleus b. center d. kernel

kernel

A(n) ____ in the busy list occurs when a memory block between two other busy memory blocks is returned to the free list. a. blank line c. joined entry b. null entry d. empty entry

null entry

With ____ operating systems, users can think they are working with a system using one processor, when in fact they are connected to a cluster of many processors working closely together. a. paged c. embedded b. distributed d. buffered

paged

In the fixed-partition memory management scheme, the table that the Memory Manager uses to keep track of jobs is composed of the ____. a. partition size, memory address, and status b. status, access, and memory address c. partition size, status, and access d. partition size, memory address, access, and status

partition size, memory address, access, and status

Single-user, fixed partition, and dynamic partition memory schemes share unacceptable fragmentation characteristics that were resolved with the development of ____. a. deallocation c. relocatable dynamic partitions b. best-fit algorithms d. null entry accounting

relocatable dynamic partitions

In a relocatable dynamic partition scheme, the ____ contains a value that must be added to each address referenced in a program so that the system will be able to access the correct memory addresses after relocation. a. bounds register c. relocation register b. load register d. compaction register

relocation register

____ means that several logical records are grouped within one physical record. a. Grouping c. Combining b. Fixing d. Blocking

Blocking

A hybrid system is a combination of ____ systems. a. batch and interactive c. interactive and real-time b. batch and real-time d. real-time and general-purpose

batch and interactive

The goal of the ____ memory allocation algorithm is to find the smallest memory block into which a job will fit. a. smallest-fit c. dynamic-fit b. first-fit d. best-fit

best-fit

In a relocatable dynamic partition scheme, the ____ ensures that, during execution, a program won't try to access memory locations that don't belong to it. a. relocation register c. compaction register b. load register d. bounds register

bounds register

Onboard systems are computers that are physically placed inside the products that they operate to add features and capabilities. (T/F)

False

Single-user contiguous allocation schemes have the problem of partition intrusion (T/F)

False

The Memory Manager is in charge of main memory, widely known as ROM (T/F)

False

The Memory Manager, the Interface Manager, the User Manager, and the File Manager are the four essential managers of every major operating system

False

The best-fit allocation method keeps the free/busy lists organized by memory locations, low-order memory to high-order memory. (T/F)

False

The content of a random access memory (RAM) chip is nonvolatile, meaning that it is not erased when the power is turned off. (T/F)

False

The first-fit algorithm assumes that the Memory Manager keeps only one list containing free memory blocks. (T/F)

False

The fixed partition scheme does not require that the entire program be stored contiguously and in memory from the beginning to the end of its execution (T/F)

False

When executing a job, the File Manager determines whether a user request requires that a file be retrieved from storage or whether it is already in memory. (T/F)

False

With distributed operating systems, users need to be aware of which processor is actually running their applications. (T/F)

False

____ is where the data and instructions of a computer must reside to be processed. a. CPU c. Read-only memory b. Main memory d. I/O memory

Main memory

There are two types of real-time systems depending on the consequences of missing the deadline. A ____ real-time system risks total system failure if the predicted time deadline is missed. a. constrained c. soft b. restricted d. hard

Hard

Firmware (Define)

software instructions or data that are stored in a fixed way, usu ally implemented on some type of read only memory (ROM).

Main Memory (Define)

the memory unit that works directly with the CPU and in which the data and instructions must reside in order to be processed

Hardware (Define)

the physical machine and its components, including RAM, I/O devices, I/O channels, storage devices, and the CPU

Storage (Define)

the place where data is stored in the computer system. Primary storage is main memory. Secondary storage is nonvolatile media, such as disks and flash memory.

Kernel (Define)

the primary part of the operating system that remains in RAM and is responsible for performing the system's most essential tasks

Operating System (Define)

the primary software on a computing system that manages its resources, communications, data storage, and controls the execution of other programs.

Device Manager (Define)

the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of devices. It monitors every device, channel, and control unit and chooses the most efficient way to allocate all of the system's devices.

File Manager (Define)

the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of files.

Memory Manager (Define)

the section of the operating system responsible for controlling the use of memory. It checks the validity memory space required for the each request, and if it's a legal request, allocates the amount needed to execute the job.

The efficiency of a batch system is measured in ____, which is the number of jobs completed in a given amount of time. a. processes c. throughput b. threads d. turnaround time

throughput

In active multiprogramming, each program is allowed to use only a preset amount of CPU time before it is interrupted so another job can begin its execution. The interrupted job resumes execution at some later time. This idea is called ____. a. shared processing c. time slicing b. CPU sharing d. distributed processing

time slicing

Multiprocessing (Define)

when two or more CPUs share the same main memory, same control program routines, most I/O devices. The CPUs service the same job stream and execute distinct processing programs concurrently.

A ____ chip holds software that is used to start the computer. a. RAM c. CPU b. ROM d. buffer

ROM

Main memory is also known as ____. a. single-user memory c. finite memory b. random access memory d. virtual memory

Random Access Memory

____ systems are used in time-critical environments where reliability is key and data must be processed within a strict time limit. a. Embedded c. Interactive b. Hybrid d. Real-time

Real-time

In active multiprogramming schemes, a job can monopolize the CPU for a long time while all other jobs waited. (T/F)

False

The ____ uniquely identifies each resource, starts its operation,monitors its progress, and, finally, deallocates it, making the operating system available to the next waiting process. a. Device Manager c. Keyboard Manager b. File Manager d. Memory Manager

Device Manager

A single-user system supports multiprogramming. (T/F)

False

Batch systems date from early computers, when each job consisted of a stack of chips entered into the system as a unit known as a stack. (T/F)

False

Compaction should always be performed only when there are jobs waiting to get in (T/F)

False

Starting in the 1950s, to reduce the discrepancy in speed between the I/O and the CPU, an interface called the ____ was placed between them to act as a buffer. a. control unit c. holder b. scheduler d. buffer manager

Control Unit

For a fixed partition system, memory deallocation is relatively complex (T/F)

False

The fixed partition scheme works well when ____. a. all jobs are of similar size b. jobs have different sizes c. job sizes are not known in advance d. all jobs are under 100K

All jobs are of similar size

____ is the practice of using Internet-connected resources to perform processing, storage, or other operations. a. Cloud computing c. Process management b. Command line interfacing d. Network management

Cloud Computing

____ of memory is performed by the operating system to reclaim fragmented sections of the memory space. a. Deallocation c. Compaction b. Redirection d. Reallocation

Compaction

General-purpose operating systems such as Linux or Windows are used in embedded systems. (T/F)

False

____ consists of fragments of free memory between blocks of allocated memory. a. An inefficient fit c. External fragmentation b. Indirect partitioning d. Internal fragmentation

External fragmentation

With the development of ____ technology, a single chip was equipped with two or more processor cores. a. multiprogramming c. networking b. multimedia d. Multicore

Multicore

In a single-user system, jobs are processed ____. a. sequentially c. randomly b. intermittently d. in order of longest job to shortest job

Sequentially

A system with ____ divides programs into parts and keep them in secondary storage, bringing each part into memory only as it is needed. a. virtual memory c. segmented processing b. shared memory d. passive multiprogramming

Virtual Memory

____ allows separate partitions of a single server to support different operating systems. a. Multiprocessing c. Virtualization b. Multithreading d. Shared processing

Virtualization