chapter 2

St. Mary's of Bethlehem

(a converted monastery) one of the first and worst asylums, hence the word "Bedlam"; asylum means safety

Tarantism

(mass madness); during middle ages, people in large groups would think they were bitten by the tarantula and dance about wildly in the streets (rave?); similar to St. Vitus's dance

Contrariis-Contrarius

(opposite by opposite); Roman notion of using opposing forces to curve mental problems; if you felt depressed, you could have a glass of CHILLED wine in a HOT bathtub; not an unusual idea but not a good way of curing depression

Paracelsus

1490-1541; Swiss physician, argued against superstition; did believe in "animal magnetism" and "lunar" influence on human behavior; believed in astrology; lunatic term came about from this; the moon had these magnetic forces and had something to do with behavior-he believed this; high tide and low tides at the shore of the beach; believed that moon had that sort of power

Mesmerism

1700s (18th century); Franz Anton Mesmer treated individuals with hypnosis "animal magnetism"; it was a forerunner of psychoanalysis

Lightner Witmer

1800s-1900s established the first American psychological clinic at UPENN

neurasthenia

19th century term for a general psychological breakdown due to stress using up one's vital "nerve force" (mental breakdown); idea that fluids in our bodies; asthenia-weak or frail; weakness of the nervous system due to stress

Nancy School

France; Liebalt and Bernheim; they said that hypnosis and hysteria were both caused by "suggestion" (hysteria was "self-hypnosis") so hypnotism could be used to treat hysteria

Galen

Greek physician studied anatomy and divided causes into physical and mental; risky thing to do

Edwin Smith Papyrus

a document; 16th century BC, describes the brain as "seat of mental processes"; what you think and feel happens here-people back then did not know that; thought elbow had a mind of its own, etc

Jean Charcot

a leading neurologist of the day-said it was physical "nerve damage"; disagreed with the Nancy School idea; he said brain or nerve damage was the cause of mental disorder, but eventually the Nancy view prevailed; Freud went to study with Charcot and got his ideas of hypnosis from Charcot

biological breakthrough

a link between syphilis (STD) and general paresis (deteriorating condition of the mind) was discovered by Richard von Kraft-Ebbing, supporting the idea that mental disorder was biologically based

psychoanalytic approach

actually has its roots in hypnosis and hysteria; dreams

Middle ages

after the fall of Rome, superstition took over in Europe, Greek/Roman knowledge survived in the Middle East, with "Avicenna" (Prince of Physicians)-prince starts mooing like a cow-feeds into the prince's delusion; because he started to eat again, was cured of his depression

Catharisis

although Freud is credited with discovering the "cathartic" power of talking, equal credit should probably go to Josef Breuer; talking about the issues going on in your head-only helps to an extent

Hippocrates

ancient Greece; way ahead of his time and had many ideas; said that abnormal behavior is due to "natural causes", treat with tranquility, abstinence, removal from family?

why did the moral management movement die out?

because of prejudice against immigrants, advances in biomedical science, and the rise of the Mental Hygiene Movement

humane treatment

began with Phillipe Pinel in France; humanitarian reforms coming about now; 1792-first phase of the French Revolution-started treating the people of the asylum with kindness and taking the "chains" off these people-supposedly was a great success

Mary Jane Ward

book called the Snake Pit was influential in the deinstitutionalization movement

insanity

concept was introduced by Plato; insanity is a "legal term" not a psychological or psychiatric term; "you can't be held accountable to this, because you are mentally ill"

biochemistry

developments came about during this movement-reserpine; chlorosene all different kinds of drugs-give them these drugs and sometimes symptoms would decrease and then could release them from the mental hospitals

Exorcism

during the middle ages exorcism focused on "insulting Satan's pride"

John B. Watson

father of Behaviorism; applied the principles of classical conditioning to human mental disorder- little Albert Study-white rat and Albert fear of rat when loud sound was associated with white rat

Benjamin Rush

father/founder of the American psychiatry, advocated humane treatment, but had some poor ideas like the "tranquilizing chair"

Moral Management Movement

grew during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (late 1700s and early 1800s). focused on individual, social, and occupational needs and was quite successful; wanted to get people back into society-to be socialized

Pilgrim state hospital

in New York; very large warehousing asylums that became popular in the 1900s

trephining

in ancient times, a hole is cut in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape; goes back to the early days of how people viewed abnormal behavior-early idea was that abnormal behavior was from evil spirits taking over the body; sometimes people survived, sometimes not

"Black Death" (Bubonic Plague)

may have contributed to these phenomena-blamed all the dying on supernatural causes; flees on rats

B.F. Skinner

most famous; like Watson, he was a true "behaviorist", but he (building upon the work of E.L. Thorndike) was interested in the role of "Operant (instrumental) conditioning" in the development of mental disorder

alienist

name for a psychiatrist during the 19th century because they treated those who had been "alienated" from society; the mentally ill

Emil Kraepelin

observed that groups of symptoms tended to co-occur; developed a classification system which grew into the DSM

William Tuke

opened York retreat in England; pleasant country house for mental patients; different from the asylums

William Healy

opened the Chicago Juvenile Psychopathic institute, he believed delinquency was due to urbanization; he, like John B. Watson, focused on "social and environmental causes"

mental hygiene movement

promoted by Dix, focused on basic physical needs, and may have contributed to the demise of the moral management

Dorothea Dix

school teacher; campaigned for humane treatment in US during the 1800s; big part of the mental hygiene movement

what else did Hippocrates do?

set forth the theory of "four bodily humors" that leads to current day thinking about personality and abnormality; he wasn't always right; earth, air, fire, water; four basic elements of humor-elements combined form 4 essential fluids of the body-blood, phem, bile (yellow and black); balance of these fluids had a lot to do with personality and abnormal; black-meloncoly (depression) eore, blood-sanquen; yellow-collaric (too bouncy) or grouchy;

Reserpine

the active ingredient from the root of the "Rauwalfia Serpentina" plant-was the first antipsychotic medicine and likely contributed to deinstitutionalization (1953)

Lycanthropy

the belief that one has become a werewolf

witchcraft

the mentally ill were only occasionally accused of being witches

asylums

warehouses for the mentally ill, they were mistreated and put on display; pretty terrible places; treated the same as prisons

Hippocrates----idea of hysteria

was found only in females because it resulted from a "wandering uterus" pining for a child-the cure was marriage and childbearing; he wasn't right about this idea

Deinstitutionalization

well intentioned, but not entirely successful, effort to get institutionalized patients back into society during the second half of the 20th century

Clifford Beers

wrote an influential book "A Mind That Found Itself" recounting his mistreatment as a mental patient; a strong critique of the mental health system