chapter 2
St. Mary's of Bethlehem
(a converted monastery) one of the first and worst asylums, hence the word "Bedlam"; asylum means safety
Tarantism
(mass madness); during middle ages, people in large groups would think they were bitten by the tarantula and dance about wildly in the streets (rave?); similar to St. Vitus's dance
Contrariis-Contrarius
(opposite by opposite); Roman notion of using opposing forces to curve mental problems; if you felt depressed, you could have a glass of CHILLED wine in a HOT bathtub; not an unusual idea but not a good way of curing depression
Paracelsus
1490-1541; Swiss physician, argued against superstition; did believe in "animal magnetism" and "lunar" influence on human behavior; believed in astrology; lunatic term came about from this; the moon had these magnetic forces and had something to do with behavior-he believed this; high tide and low tides at the shore of the beach; believed that moon had that sort of power
Mesmerism
1700s (18th century); Franz Anton Mesmer treated individuals with hypnosis "animal magnetism"; it was a forerunner of psychoanalysis
Lightner Witmer
1800s-1900s established the first American psychological clinic at UPENN
neurasthenia
19th century term for a general psychological breakdown due to stress using up one's vital "nerve force" (mental breakdown); idea that fluids in our bodies; asthenia-weak or frail; weakness of the nervous system due to stress
Nancy School
France; Liebalt and Bernheim; they said that hypnosis and hysteria were both caused by "suggestion" (hysteria was "self-hypnosis") so hypnotism could be used to treat hysteria
Galen
Greek physician studied anatomy and divided causes into physical and mental; risky thing to do
Edwin Smith Papyrus
a document; 16th century BC, describes the brain as "seat of mental processes"; what you think and feel happens here-people back then did not know that; thought elbow had a mind of its own, etc
Jean Charcot
a leading neurologist of the day-said it was physical "nerve damage"; disagreed with the Nancy School idea; he said brain or nerve damage was the cause of mental disorder, but eventually the Nancy view prevailed; Freud went to study with Charcot and got his ideas of hypnosis from Charcot
biological breakthrough
a link between syphilis (STD) and general paresis (deteriorating condition of the mind) was discovered by Richard von Kraft-Ebbing, supporting the idea that mental disorder was biologically based
psychoanalytic approach
actually has its roots in hypnosis and hysteria; dreams
Middle ages
after the fall of Rome, superstition took over in Europe, Greek/Roman knowledge survived in the Middle East, with "Avicenna" (Prince of Physicians)-prince starts mooing like a cow-feeds into the prince's delusion; because he started to eat again, was cured of his depression
Catharisis
although Freud is credited with discovering the "cathartic" power of talking, equal credit should probably go to Josef Breuer; talking about the issues going on in your head-only helps to an extent
Hippocrates
ancient Greece; way ahead of his time and had many ideas; said that abnormal behavior is due to "natural causes", treat with tranquility, abstinence, removal from family?
why did the moral management movement die out?
because of prejudice against immigrants, advances in biomedical science, and the rise of the Mental Hygiene Movement
humane treatment
began with Phillipe Pinel in France; humanitarian reforms coming about now; 1792-first phase of the French Revolution-started treating the people of the asylum with kindness and taking the "chains" off these people-supposedly was a great success
Mary Jane Ward
book called the Snake Pit was influential in the deinstitutionalization movement
insanity
concept was introduced by Plato; insanity is a "legal term" not a psychological or psychiatric term; "you can't be held accountable to this, because you are mentally ill"
biochemistry
developments came about during this movement-reserpine; chlorosene all different kinds of drugs-give them these drugs and sometimes symptoms would decrease and then could release them from the mental hospitals
Exorcism
during the middle ages exorcism focused on "insulting Satan's pride"
John B. Watson
father of Behaviorism; applied the principles of classical conditioning to human mental disorder- little Albert Study-white rat and Albert fear of rat when loud sound was associated with white rat
Benjamin Rush
father/founder of the American psychiatry, advocated humane treatment, but had some poor ideas like the "tranquilizing chair"
Moral Management Movement
grew during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (late 1700s and early 1800s). focused on individual, social, and occupational needs and was quite successful; wanted to get people back into society-to be socialized
Pilgrim state hospital
in New York; very large warehousing asylums that became popular in the 1900s
trephining
in ancient times, a hole is cut in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape; goes back to the early days of how people viewed abnormal behavior-early idea was that abnormal behavior was from evil spirits taking over the body; sometimes people survived, sometimes not
"Black Death" (Bubonic Plague)
may have contributed to these phenomena-blamed all the dying on supernatural causes; flees on rats
B.F. Skinner
most famous; like Watson, he was a true "behaviorist", but he (building upon the work of E.L. Thorndike) was interested in the role of "Operant (instrumental) conditioning" in the development of mental disorder
alienist
name for a psychiatrist during the 19th century because they treated those who had been "alienated" from society; the mentally ill
Emil Kraepelin
observed that groups of symptoms tended to co-occur; developed a classification system which grew into the DSM
William Tuke
opened York retreat in England; pleasant country house for mental patients; different from the asylums
William Healy
opened the Chicago Juvenile Psychopathic institute, he believed delinquency was due to urbanization; he, like John B. Watson, focused on "social and environmental causes"
mental hygiene movement
promoted by Dix, focused on basic physical needs, and may have contributed to the demise of the moral management
Dorothea Dix
school teacher; campaigned for humane treatment in US during the 1800s; big part of the mental hygiene movement
what else did Hippocrates do?
set forth the theory of "four bodily humors" that leads to current day thinking about personality and abnormality; he wasn't always right; earth, air, fire, water; four basic elements of humor-elements combined form 4 essential fluids of the body-blood, phem, bile (yellow and black); balance of these fluids had a lot to do with personality and abnormal; black-meloncoly (depression) eore, blood-sanquen; yellow-collaric (too bouncy) or grouchy;
Reserpine
the active ingredient from the root of the "Rauwalfia Serpentina" plant-was the first antipsychotic medicine and likely contributed to deinstitutionalization (1953)
Lycanthropy
the belief that one has become a werewolf
witchcraft
the mentally ill were only occasionally accused of being witches
asylums
warehouses for the mentally ill, they were mistreated and put on display; pretty terrible places; treated the same as prisons
Hippocrates----idea of hysteria
was found only in females because it resulted from a "wandering uterus" pining for a child-the cure was marriage and childbearing; he wasn't right about this idea
Deinstitutionalization
well intentioned, but not entirely successful, effort to get institutionalized patients back into society during the second half of the 20th century
Clifford Beers
wrote an influential book "A Mind That Found Itself" recounting his mistreatment as a mental patient; a strong critique of the mental health system