Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology
Calcium's atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion?
+2
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)?
7
An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain?
8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons
Ionic bond
A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved.
Nonpolar covalent bond
A bond in which electrons are shared equally.
Polar covalent bond
A bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
Hydrogen bond
A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure.
What is an ion?
An atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)
Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?
Atoms
In a covalent bond,
Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, from where does this energy come?
Chemical energy
You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?
Colloid
Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
False
In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount.
False
When DNA is replicated, it is necessary for the two strands to "unzip" temporarily. Choose which bonding type is most appropriate for holding the strands together in this way
Hydrogen bounding
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions?
Hyperbolic
Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen
III < I < II
Covalent bonds
Involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons.
How do ions form ionic bonds
Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.
Think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt.). Which of the following is a correct statement?
It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.
Why can dehydration be such a life-threating event?
It significantly alters the ratio of body water (solvent) to dissolved substances (solutes), such as sodium ions.
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.
Which of the following is NOT a difference between a compound and a mixture?
Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous.
Blood loss due to a moderate hemorrhage has several adverse effects on patient wellbeing. Why would administering IV fluids alone not be sufficient to return a patient to health?
Oxygen-carrying red blood cells lost along with the fluid component must also be replaced.
Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?
Molecule
Based on the general theme of conservation, which of the following is most likely to happen if an athlete breaks his arm and must wear a cast and not use that arm for six weeks?
Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used.
Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number?
Neutrons
Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?
No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability
Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?
Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules.
A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond?
Polar covalent bonds
Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?
Polar covalent bonds
Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and Neutrons
Which of the following statements about the polarity of covalent bonds is correct?
Small atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons tend to be electronegative.
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
Sodium
Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute?
Sugar
A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated with ________.
The consumption of energy
Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds?
The electrons are shared unequally.
When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved?
The outermost electrons
Which of the following statements regarding atoms is true?
The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance shell.
Which of the following statements regarding matter is FALSE?
The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located.
Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape.
True
Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds?
Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas.
Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?
Valence electrons
Which of the following is not considered a form of matter?
X Rays
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?
Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.
Which of the following best describes an isotope?
a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons
Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?
covalent, ionic, hydrogen