Chapter 2 BIO 1200

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

When water ionizes, it produces what ions? Select all that apply.

OH- H+

octet rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

Energy is defined as

The capacity to do work.

What part of an amphipathic molecule would be oriented toward the center of a micelle?

The nonpolar region

In a micelle, which portion of the amphipathic molecules are oriented toward the surface of the sphere?

The polar region

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules form between:

an oxygen atom on one water molecule and a hydrogen atom on a second water molecule

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to:

attract electrons

Hydrolysis reactions:

break apart molecules via water

Properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense than liquid, specific heat

Acids

compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Atoms share a pair of electrons when they form a(n) bond

covalent

A covalent bond is one in which a pair of electrons:

is shared between two atoms

To freeze water, energy is:

released

The concentration of a liquid is defined as the amount of ______ dissolved in a unit volume of solution.

solute

hydrogen bonding

the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule

chemical reactions

the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter

An atom's atomic number represents:

the number of protons

Hydrophilic

water loving

Bases

Compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

Molecules with covalent bonds:

are flexible within certain limits

The of an atom is a measure of its ability to attract electrons when in a bond with another atom.

electronegativity

Atoms are most stable when their outer shells are filled with

electrons.

Compared with liquid water, ice has

greater hydrogen bonds between individual water molecules a more orderly arrangement of water molecules

In a(n) reaction, water is used to break apart another molecule.

hydrolysis

Within an atom's structure, electrons can be found:

in cloudlike orbitals

atomic mass scale

indicates an atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms

Ionic bond list

non metal to metal total transfer of electrons high melting and boiling points solid soluble in water positive and negative charge

Atoms are most stable when:

their outer shells are filled

Buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Which of the following changes in the physical state of water require the input of energy?

Changing from liquid to gas Changing from solid to liquid

When water is heated, the rate at which bonds break increases, and water molecules are converted to the state.

Hydrogen gas

Atoms share a pair of electrons when they form a(n) bond.

covalent

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

When two water molecules are near each other, a hydrogen bond will form between the more positive and the more negative atoms of neighboring water molecules.

hydrogen oxygen

Which state of water is the most dense?

liquid

Importance of water

most abundant compound in body, critical in all physiologic processes, deficiency (dehydration) threatens health, universal solvent, stable liquid at ordinary temperatures & participates in body's chemical reactions

Isotopes of the same element differ in their number of:

neutrons

Covalent bond list

non metal to non metal sharing electrons low melting and boiling points no charges depends on polarity for solubility and charges

The region within an atom that surrounds the nucleus and in which there is a high probability of finding an electron is called a(n)

orbital

Unpaired , Correct Unavailable electrons enable chemical bonds to form among atoms.

valence

When water freezes:

water molecules are packed into a less dense formation the rate of hydrogen bond breakage slows the H2O molecules in ice are in a much more orderly arrangement than in the liquid state