Chapter 2 - Hardware and Software
server
a computer that delivers items like web pages, documents, or videos to other computers over a network
scanner
a device that can input digital copies of physical materials into a computer
aspect ratio
a ratio between the width and the height of an image or screen
RAM and memory chips
these can be replaced to make a computer run faster
17 and 30
Desktop monitors are usually between __________ inches
true
Flatbed scanners are often found in homes and offices. (true/false)
billion
Giga means one _________.
the 1960s
ICs were invented in __________
true
If a CPU's data is like a person's phonebook, then a cache is like the person writing a phone number on his hand. (true/false)
false
If a CPU's program is like a chef's recipe, then a cache is like a cookbook of recipes. (true/false)
powdered ink
In a laser printer, charged areas form a pattern that picks up __________ , or toner, and places the ink on paper
common computer formats to scan
JPG/JPEG, PNG, and PDF
the 2000s
LCDs became the most popular, cost effective, and popular types of screens in __________
1968
LCDs were introduced in __________ as an alternative to CRTs
11 and 17
Laptops are usually between __________ inches
2015
o 8 and 16-core chips appeared around __________ - initially just in servers
High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
o Uses a digital signal to transmit video and audio
Video Graphics Array (VGA)
o Uses an analog signal to transmit video
clock frequency
o increases when the components of circuits shrink o signals don't need to travel so far o 1980s: 10 MHz o 2010: 1 GHz o Engineers can build more complex CPUs when the components of circuits are smaller
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
performs arithmetic (+,-,*,/) and logic (AND, OR, XOR, Not) operations on binary integers
true
Today, computers like tablets, book readers, and smartphones combine the keyboard and screen in a single device.
false
Touchscreens are convenient for fast typing. (true/false)
worsen
Wetting one's finger may _____ a touchpad's usefulness.
true
When a user types on a keyboard, the typed characters are stored directly on a computer screen.
keyboard
a common computer input device, allowing a user to press keys corresponding to characters, which are then input
embedded computer
a computer embedded inside some another electronic device o Began in the 1980s and 90s o Today, 25% of the cost of a car is its computer o Costs range between a penny and millions of dollars
personal computer
a computer that is generally used by a small number of people in a home or office
Hard Drive Disk (HDD)
a drive consisting of a spinning disk that stores bits using magnetism
Solid State Drive (SSD)
a drive that uses a computer chip with no moving parts to store data
duplex
a feature that enables a printer to print onto both sides of a paper
Integrated circuit (IC/chip)
a fingernail-size device on which transistor circuits appear
liquid crystal display (LCD)
a form of display consisting of liquid crystals
display
a form of output device that outputs data visually
cathode ray tube (CRT)
a form of pixilation in a screen which houses an electron gun at the rear and emits a high-speed beam of electrons toward a vacuum tube located at the front
plasma monitor
a monitor consisting of many tiny gas-filled cells
drive
a non-volatile piece of hardware that stores data
USB flash drive
a non-volatile storage device that can be inserted into and used through a USB port
touchpad
a pad, usually on a laptop, that replaces the functions of a mouse
stylus
a pen-like devices that can be used on a touchscreen
smartphone
a portable pocket-sized computer consisting mainly of a touch-screen
data projector
a portable projector that displays an enlarged image from a laptop onto a screen Early versions weighed more than 40 pounds and used CRT technology to display monochrome images Modern versions use DLP or LCD technology
manual duplex printer
a printer that requires a user to manually flip a piece of paper in order to print on both sides
assembler
a program that automatically converts an assembly language program into machine language
comiler
a program that converts a high-level language to assembly/machine language
high-level language
a programming language having higher-level instructions than assembly language, enabling greater programmer productivity
mouse
a small device that a user can move on a desktop to cause a cursor to move on a screen and that has one or more buttons that can be clicked to select objects
cache
a small fast memory used for speed-needing programs
graphics processor
a special CPU chip whose hardware is specially designed for fast graphics and video processing
laptop
a specialized portable computer
computer monitor
a standalone display device
non-volatile
a storage device that stores data after electricity is turned off
assembly language
a textual human-understandable representation of a machine language's 0s and 1s
touchscreen
a transparent surface placed on top of a display that uses electrical signals to record contact with a display an provide input data
speech input
a type of input that involves a user speaking into a microphone
Dvorak arrangement
a type of key arrangement on a keyboard that allows for faster typing than the standard qwerty arrangement
optical mouse
a type of mouse that detects movement using an optical sensor
flash
a type of non-volatile storage technology with the feature that large blocks of data can be erased simultaneously
Dot Matrix Printer (DMP)
a type of printer in which a printhead moves back and forth and strikes an inked cloth against paper to reduce text and graphics -replaced by inkjet printers -often used in ATMs and cash registers
laser printer
a type of printer that contains a rotating ink drum that is electrostatically charged by a laser
thermal printer
a type of printer that heats thermal paper producing black markings • Used in many mobile printers, as well as ATMs and cash registers
color printer
a type of printer that prints text and images in a wide range of colors
monochrome printer
a type of printer that prints text and images in varying tones of black
inkjet printer
a type of printer that sprays small drops of ink to create text and images
short throw projector
a type of projector designed to project a large image in a small space
LCD projector
a type of projector that shines light through a prism to separate red, green, and blue light • The panel controls where the red, green, and blue light can pass through • Separate colors are combined into a single image by a lens
digital light processing (DLP) projector
a type of projector that shines light through a spinning color wheel that passes red, green, and blue light to a chip with thousands of small mirrors • The mirrors tilt to reflect the light to display colored pixels on a screen
mechanical scanner
a type of scanner that can scan multi-page documents and 3D objects
flatbed scanner
a type of scanner that uses a movable light to illuminate the item to be scanned which rests on a glass top
supercomputer
a very large, expensive computer used for intensive jobs involving big data
cable connectors (interface)
physical connectors used to transfer data
printer
physical output device
software
programs that instruct the computer on what to do
CPU clock
runs a program's instructions one at a time
the 2010s
speech input became more popular in this time period
control unit
tells computer components how to respond to computer instructions
drive
the CPU will start using this once the RAM is being fully used
projection distance (throw distance)
the distance between a projector and a screen
lamp life
the estimated amount of time for which a lamp will be usable while on - measured in hours
Moore's Law
the explanation showing that circuit capacity doubles approximately every 2 years Defined by Gordon Moore in 1965
Fortran
the first mainstream high-level language created by IBM in 1957
speech recognition
the function of an app or other program to convert audio into text by recognizing spoken words
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
the hardware that runs instructions and controls other hardware
resolution
the number of distinct pixels used to display an image on a screen, shown as the number of pixels high by wide rather than the total number of pixels
hardware
the physical parts of a computer
speaker
an output device that outputs sound
1-3 GHz
clock frequencies stayed around __________ for much of the 2000s
4:3
fullscreen aspect ratio
screen
hardware for output that displays characters and images to a user
input devices
hardware that allows a user to input data to a computer
Memory/Random Access Memory (RAM)
hardware that stores data temporarily
filters
in LCDs color is achieved by passing the light through red, green, and blue __________ that combine to form a single pixel
fuser unit
in a laser printer, a __________ uses heat and pressure to permanently bond the ink to the paper
discharge lamp
in a laser printer, a __________ wipes the previous pattern so that a new pattern can be added
printer resolution
the resolution in which a printer can produce markings Measured in dots per inch (dpi)
printer speed
the speed at which a printer can print black text onto pages Measured in pages per minute (ppm) Colored pages take a variable amount of time
screen
the surface of an output display that displays the output
lumen
the unit of measure for the brightness of a projector
laser printers
• Faster than inkjet printers and can print more pages before replacing the toner - more expensive than inkjet printers
true
A computer chip with a fast clock may get very hot to the touch. (true/false)
faster
A faster ticking clock means a program may execute _______.
50-60
The beam of a CRT sweeps across the screen __________ times per second to display an image
transistors and wires
Engineers keep shrinking the size of circuit components:
plasma monitor
The cells are subpixels and pixels used to create images The cells glow and emit red, green or blue when voltage is applied Eliminates the need for an electronic gun Utilizes a grid of electrodes to control each cell Larger than LCDs and have more contrast Highly expensive, higher power consumption, and lower durability
benefits of LCDs
- Smaller and consume less power than CRTs - Used in most computer screens today
dual core
- a chip with two processors First appeared in 2005
16:9 or greater
widescreen
working with graphical objects
A mouse is used mostly for _____.
stop
00
input
01
output
10
slower
100 MHz is _______ than 2 GHz.
add
11
500 ns 100 instrs * (5 ns/instr) = 500 ns.
A CPU accesses 100 program instructions. Each memory access takes 5 ns. All 100 instructions are in memory. What is the total time?
900 ns 50 instrs * (5 ns / instr) + 400 ns + 50 instrs * (5 ns / instr) = 250 + 400 + 250 = 900 ns.
A CPU accesses 100 program instructions. Each memory access takes 5 ns. The memory can only hold 50 instructions. The first 50 instructions are already in memory. Replacing those 50 by the next 50 takes 400 ns. What is the total time?
true
A CPU can access an item from cache faster than from memory. (true/false)
false
A USB flash drive is typically built into a computer. (true/false)
false
A USB flash drive loses data when electricity is turned off. (true/false)
false
A USB flash drive typically has an electric cord that plugs into the wall, for electricity while storing data. (Not discussed above; make an educated guess). (true/false)
true
A cache is a small fast memory on the CPU chip. (true/false)
true
A stylus is a special physical pointer designed to work with touchscreens. (true/false)
mouse
A touchpad may be used instead of a _____.
false
A touchscreen can be used effectively with a finger, pen, stick, and many other objects. (true/false)
true
A touchscreen is a touch-sensitive device layered on top of a display.(true/false)
40
A typical typing speed is _____ words per minute.
red, green, and blue
A variety of colors can be produced through the combination of __________
comparing successive photos of the surface below
An optical mouse detects movement by _____.
most
An optical mouse work on _____ surfaces.
false
CPU stands for Central Power Unit.
phosphor coating
CRT screens use areas of the vacuum tube hit by electrons glow, and emit red, green, and blue light based on the type of __________
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
Color printers typically contain cartridges of __________ , or more in higher-end systems
false
Computer designers can set a computer's clock tick rate to as fast as they want. (true/false)
false
DOCX is a common computer format to scan to. (true/false)
true
Many computers have a fan that blows room air over a computer's CPU chip to keep the chip cool. (true/false)
diagonally
Monitors are measured __________
3000 and 4500
More powerful projectors range between __________ lumens
women
Most early programmers were __________
USB
Most keyboards interface with a desktop computer via a _____ port.
false
Printed documents are easier to share with multiple people than digital documents. (true/false)
2000 and 3000
Projectors typically range between __________ lumens
at a loss
Some printer manufacturers sell printer hardware __________ because profits are obtained through replacement ink cartridges
tablet
Specialized computer that consists mostly of a screen.
true
Speech is becoming a more popular input to computing devices. (true/false)
false
Speech recognition software is about as accurate as typing. (true/false)
false
Speech recognition software was first introduced around 2010. (true/false)
falsetrue
The ALU tells the memory how to respond to arithmetic operations.
true
The CPU (running a program) displays items on the screen by copying items from memory.
true
The CPU runs a program's instructions (true/false).
slower
The QWERTY keyboard was designed to help people type _____ (answer either faster or slower).
true
The larger a cache, the faster a program may run. (true/false)
qwerty
The most commonly used computer keyboard has a _____ arrangement.
Inkjet and laser
__________ printers are the most common
retina display
a brand name for an LCD display with higher pixel densities
1980s and 2000s
a chip between the __________ had one CPU
server farms
a collection of thousands of servers
pixel
a colored dot that combines with others, forming an image
