Chapter 2 - Hardware and Software

server

a computer that delivers items like web pages, documents, or videos to other computers over a network

scanner

a device that can input digital copies of physical materials into a computer

aspect ratio

a ratio between the width and the height of an image or screen

RAM and memory chips

these can be replaced to make a computer run faster

17 and 30

Desktop monitors are usually between __________ inches

true

Flatbed scanners are often found in homes and offices. (true/false)

billion

Giga means one _________.

the 1960s

ICs were invented in __________

true

If a CPU's data is like a person's phonebook, then a cache is like the person writing a phone number on his hand. (true/false)

false

If a CPU's program is like a chef's recipe, then a cache is like a cookbook of recipes. (true/false)

powdered ink

In a laser printer, charged areas form a pattern that picks up __________ , or toner, and places the ink on paper

common computer formats to scan

JPG/JPEG, PNG, and PDF

the 2000s

LCDs became the most popular, cost effective, and popular types of screens in __________

1968

LCDs were introduced in __________ as an alternative to CRTs

11 and 17

Laptops are usually between __________ inches

2015

o 8 and 16-core chips appeared around __________ - initially just in servers

High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

o Uses a digital signal to transmit video and audio

Video Graphics Array (VGA)

o Uses an analog signal to transmit video

clock frequency

o increases when the components of circuits shrink o signals don't need to travel so far o 1980s: 10 MHz o 2010: 1 GHz o Engineers can build more complex CPUs when the components of circuits are smaller

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

performs arithmetic (+,-,*,/) and logic (AND, OR, XOR, Not) operations on binary integers

true

Today, computers like tablets, book readers, and smartphones combine the keyboard and screen in a single device.

false

Touchscreens are convenient for fast typing. (true/false)

worsen

Wetting one's finger may _____ a touchpad's usefulness.

true

When a user types on a keyboard, the typed characters are stored directly on a computer screen.

keyboard

a common computer input device, allowing a user to press keys corresponding to characters, which are then input

embedded computer

a computer embedded inside some another electronic device o Began in the 1980s and 90s o Today, 25% of the cost of a car is its computer o Costs range between a penny and millions of dollars

personal computer

a computer that is generally used by a small number of people in a home or office

Hard Drive Disk (HDD)

a drive consisting of a spinning disk that stores bits using magnetism

Solid State Drive (SSD)

a drive that uses a computer chip with no moving parts to store data

duplex

a feature that enables a printer to print onto both sides of a paper

Integrated circuit (IC/chip)

a fingernail-size device on which transistor circuits appear

liquid crystal display (LCD)

a form of display consisting of liquid crystals

display

a form of output device that outputs data visually

cathode ray tube (CRT)

a form of pixilation in a screen which houses an electron gun at the rear and emits a high-speed beam of electrons toward a vacuum tube located at the front

plasma monitor

a monitor consisting of many tiny gas-filled cells

drive

a non-volatile piece of hardware that stores data

USB flash drive

a non-volatile storage device that can be inserted into and used through a USB port

touchpad

a pad, usually on a laptop, that replaces the functions of a mouse

stylus

a pen-like devices that can be used on a touchscreen

smartphone

a portable pocket-sized computer consisting mainly of a touch-screen

data projector

a portable projector that displays an enlarged image from a laptop onto a screen Early versions weighed more than 40 pounds and used CRT technology to display monochrome images Modern versions use DLP or LCD technology

manual duplex printer

a printer that requires a user to manually flip a piece of paper in order to print on both sides

assembler

a program that automatically converts an assembly language program into machine language

comiler

a program that converts a high-level language to assembly/machine language

high-level language

a programming language having higher-level instructions than assembly language, enabling greater programmer productivity

mouse

a small device that a user can move on a desktop to cause a cursor to move on a screen and that has one or more buttons that can be clicked to select objects

cache

a small fast memory used for speed-needing programs

graphics processor

a special CPU chip whose hardware is specially designed for fast graphics and video processing

laptop

a specialized portable computer

computer monitor

a standalone display device

non-volatile

a storage device that stores data after electricity is turned off

assembly language

a textual human-understandable representation of a machine language's 0s and 1s

touchscreen

a transparent surface placed on top of a display that uses electrical signals to record contact with a display an provide input data

speech input

a type of input that involves a user speaking into a microphone

Dvorak arrangement

a type of key arrangement on a keyboard that allows for faster typing than the standard qwerty arrangement

optical mouse

a type of mouse that detects movement using an optical sensor

flash

a type of non-volatile storage technology with the feature that large blocks of data can be erased simultaneously

Dot Matrix Printer (DMP)

a type of printer in which a printhead moves back and forth and strikes an inked cloth against paper to reduce text and graphics -replaced by inkjet printers -often used in ATMs and cash registers

laser printer

a type of printer that contains a rotating ink drum that is electrostatically charged by a laser

thermal printer

a type of printer that heats thermal paper producing black markings • Used in many mobile printers, as well as ATMs and cash registers

color printer

a type of printer that prints text and images in a wide range of colors

monochrome printer

a type of printer that prints text and images in varying tones of black

inkjet printer

a type of printer that sprays small drops of ink to create text and images

short throw projector

a type of projector designed to project a large image in a small space

LCD projector

a type of projector that shines light through a prism to separate red, green, and blue light • The panel controls where the red, green, and blue light can pass through • Separate colors are combined into a single image by a lens

digital light processing (DLP) projector

a type of projector that shines light through a spinning color wheel that passes red, green, and blue light to a chip with thousands of small mirrors • The mirrors tilt to reflect the light to display colored pixels on a screen

mechanical scanner

a type of scanner that can scan multi-page documents and 3D objects

flatbed scanner

a type of scanner that uses a movable light to illuminate the item to be scanned which rests on a glass top

supercomputer

a very large, expensive computer used for intensive jobs involving big data

cable connectors (interface)

physical connectors used to transfer data

printer

physical output device

software

programs that instruct the computer on what to do

CPU clock

runs a program's instructions one at a time

the 2010s

speech input became more popular in this time period

control unit

tells computer components how to respond to computer instructions

drive

the CPU will start using this once the RAM is being fully used

projection distance (throw distance)

the distance between a projector and a screen

lamp life

the estimated amount of time for which a lamp will be usable while on - measured in hours

Moore's Law

the explanation showing that circuit capacity doubles approximately every 2 years Defined by Gordon Moore in 1965

Fortran

the first mainstream high-level language created by IBM in 1957

speech recognition

the function of an app or other program to convert audio into text by recognizing spoken words

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

the hardware that runs instructions and controls other hardware

resolution

the number of distinct pixels used to display an image on a screen, shown as the number of pixels high by wide rather than the total number of pixels

hardware

the physical parts of a computer

speaker

an output device that outputs sound

1-3 GHz

clock frequencies stayed around __________ for much of the 2000s

4:3

fullscreen aspect ratio

screen

hardware for output that displays characters and images to a user

input devices

hardware that allows a user to input data to a computer

Memory/Random Access Memory (RAM)

hardware that stores data temporarily

filters

in LCDs color is achieved by passing the light through red, green, and blue __________ that combine to form a single pixel

fuser unit

in a laser printer, a __________ uses heat and pressure to permanently bond the ink to the paper

discharge lamp

in a laser printer, a __________ wipes the previous pattern so that a new pattern can be added

printer resolution

the resolution in which a printer can produce markings Measured in dots per inch (dpi)

printer speed

the speed at which a printer can print black text onto pages Measured in pages per minute (ppm) Colored pages take a variable amount of time

screen

the surface of an output display that displays the output

lumen

the unit of measure for the brightness of a projector

laser printers

• Faster than inkjet printers and can print more pages before replacing the toner - more expensive than inkjet printers

true

A computer chip with a fast clock may get very hot to the touch. (true/false)

faster

A faster ticking clock means a program may execute _______.

50-60

The beam of a CRT sweeps across the screen __________ times per second to display an image

transistors and wires

Engineers keep shrinking the size of circuit components:

plasma monitor

The cells are subpixels and pixels used to create images The cells glow and emit red, green or blue when voltage is applied Eliminates the need for an electronic gun Utilizes a grid of electrodes to control each cell Larger than LCDs and have more contrast Highly expensive, higher power consumption, and lower durability

benefits of LCDs

- Smaller and consume less power than CRTs - Used in most computer screens today

dual core

- a chip with two processors First appeared in 2005

16:9 or greater

widescreen

working with graphical objects

A mouse is used mostly for _____.

stop

00

input

01

output

10

slower

100 MHz is _______ than 2 GHz.

add

11

500 ns 100 instrs * (5 ns/instr) = 500 ns.

A CPU accesses 100 program instructions. Each memory access takes 5 ns. All 100 instructions are in memory. What is the total time?

900 ns 50 instrs * (5 ns / instr) + 400 ns + 50 instrs * (5 ns / instr) = 250 + 400 + 250 = 900 ns.

A CPU accesses 100 program instructions. Each memory access takes 5 ns. The memory can only hold 50 instructions. The first 50 instructions are already in memory. Replacing those 50 by the next 50 takes 400 ns. What is the total time?

true

A CPU can access an item from cache faster than from memory. (true/false)

false

A USB flash drive is typically built into a computer. (true/false)

false

A USB flash drive loses data when electricity is turned off. (true/false)

false

A USB flash drive typically has an electric cord that plugs into the wall, for electricity while storing data. (Not discussed above; make an educated guess). (true/false)

true

A cache is a small fast memory on the CPU chip. (true/false)

true

A stylus is a special physical pointer designed to work with touchscreens. (true/false)

mouse

A touchpad may be used instead of a _____.

false

A touchscreen can be used effectively with a finger, pen, stick, and many other objects. (true/false)

true

A touchscreen is a touch-sensitive device layered on top of a display.(true/false)

40

A typical typing speed is _____ words per minute.

red, green, and blue

A variety of colors can be produced through the combination of __________

comparing successive photos of the surface below

An optical mouse detects movement by _____.

most

An optical mouse work on _____ surfaces.

false

CPU stands for Central Power Unit.

phosphor coating

CRT screens use areas of the vacuum tube hit by electrons glow, and emit red, green, and blue light based on the type of __________

cyan, magenta, yellow, and black

Color printers typically contain cartridges of __________ , or more in higher-end systems

false

Computer designers can set a computer's clock tick rate to as fast as they want. (true/false)

false

DOCX is a common computer format to scan to. (true/false)

true

Many computers have a fan that blows room air over a computer's CPU chip to keep the chip cool. (true/false)

diagonally

Monitors are measured __________

3000 and 4500

More powerful projectors range between __________ lumens

women

Most early programmers were __________

USB

Most keyboards interface with a desktop computer via a _____ port.

false

Printed documents are easier to share with multiple people than digital documents. (true/false)

2000 and 3000

Projectors typically range between __________ lumens

at a loss

Some printer manufacturers sell printer hardware __________ because profits are obtained through replacement ink cartridges

tablet

Specialized computer that consists mostly of a screen.

true

Speech is becoming a more popular input to computing devices. (true/false)

false

Speech recognition software is about as accurate as typing. (true/false)

false

Speech recognition software was first introduced around 2010. (true/false)

falsetrue

The ALU tells the memory how to respond to arithmetic operations.

true

The CPU (running a program) displays items on the screen by copying items from memory.

true

The CPU runs a program's instructions (true/false).

slower

The QWERTY keyboard was designed to help people type _____ (answer either faster or slower).

true

The larger a cache, the faster a program may run. (true/false)

qwerty

The most commonly used computer keyboard has a _____ arrangement.

Inkjet and laser

__________ printers are the most common

retina display

a brand name for an LCD display with higher pixel densities

1980s and 2000s

a chip between the __________ had one CPU

server farms

a collection of thousands of servers

pixel

a colored dot that combines with others, forming an image