Chapter 2 Practice Quiz

Genetic variability

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases _____ in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on.

Mutated gene

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is permanently altered segment of DNA.

Suicidal behavior.

A recent study confirmed that adolescents with FASD have a significant risk of?

Recessive.

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are

Evocative genotype-environment correlation.

Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n)?

Clark's parents are carriers of genes contributing to brown eyes.

Clark's eyes are brown in color. However, both his parents have eyes that are blue in color. According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, the most likely reason for Clark's eyes being brown in color is that?

Polygenic inheritance.

While studying a sample for height differences, researchers observed that the height of the participants varied significantly regardless of whether the participants' parents were short or tall. This suggests that the physical characteristic of height is most likely an example of?

In vitro fertilization

David and Kelly are seeking help for infertility. Under their physician's guidance, they decide to undergo a procedure in which Kelly's eggs are combined in a laboratory dish with her husband's sperms. What is this procedure called?

12 months

Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?

Teratogens

Drugs, incompatible blood types, environmental pollutants, infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal stress, advanced maternal and paternal age, and environmental pollutants are collectively identified as _____ in the context of prenatal development.

Meiosis

During _____, a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell.

Zygote.

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a?

Mitosis

During the process of _____, a cell's nucleus -- including the chromosomes -- duplicated itself and the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two cells.

Passive genotype-environment

Rachel loves to read books, and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and to the store to buy lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation.

23

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes divides by mitosis to form two new cells. How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?

Mitosis (2)

A cell that contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Biological parents provide a rearing environment for a child.

According to Sandra Scarr's description of the three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated, passive genotype-environment correlations occur because

Domain-specific

According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are _____. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.

Miscarriage

Amniocentesis brings a small risk of?

Tay-Sachs disease

Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of 5. Benny is suffering from

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

Brad is an athletic child, and he is in every sports team in school, as he enjoys sports immensely. He regularly practices football, tennis, and basketball and hopes to become the captain of one of the sports teams. This scenario best reflects _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.

Genetic counselor

Brianna goes to a doctor who specializes in identifying genetic flaws to help prevent the risk of abnormalities. This doctor is called a?

In vitro fertilization (2)

By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is?

Inherited the recessive genes for blond hair.

Carla has brown hair, and her husband also has brown hair. However, Carla's son is born with blond hair. This most likely indicates that Carla's son?

Susceptibility genes.

Carla is diagnosed with breast cancer. She informs her doctor that her mother and her grandmother have also had breast cancer. The doctor explains to Carla that she has specific genes that make her more vulnerable to breast cancer and that she is genetically predisposed to develop the disease. In this scenario, these genes are known as?

46

Except for the sperm and the egg, all cells in the human body have _____ chromosomes.

For each genotype, a range phenotypes can be expressed.

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after their birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, although both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic because of the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how?

Longevity genes

Erin, a 90-year-old, is healthy and leads an active lifestyle. Most of her relatives have lived to an old age. Researchers have found that Erin's family carries genes related to stress resistance, immunity, and metabolism that help extend life by repairing and protecting body tissues. In this scenario, which of the following genes are most likely responsible for Erin living to an old age?

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Esperanza, who is in the eleventh week of her pregnancy, is undergoing a prenatal diagnostic test that involves the removal of a small sample of the placenta. The doctor informs her that the test may detect any genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus and that she will have to wait for at least 10 days for the diagnosis. In this scenario, what prenatal medical procedures is Esperanza most likely undergoing?

Susceptibility genes

Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged. Most of Ethel's relatives have not lived past the age of 60. What genes are responsible for the accelerated aging observed in Ethel and her family members?

Carriers.

Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known as

Phenotypes

For each genotype, a range of _____ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability.

X-linked disease.

Genetic testing has found that Gary, Ben, Tara, and Matt all carry a copy of a gene for hemophilia. However, Tara, who is the only female out of the four, does not show any signs of the disease, whereas Gary, Ben, and Matt have developed the disease. In this scenario, it can be inferred that hemophilia is most likely a(n)?

Adaptive.

If a baboon learns to eat different kinds of fruit instead of relying on only one kind for its nutritive needs, we would argue that this behavior promotes its survival. Thus, the behavior is?

Ultrasound sonography

Gwendolyn, a pregnant woman, is undergoing a prenatal medical procedure in which her doctor directs high-frequency sound waves into her abdomen to create a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures. The doctor informs her that the procedure will reveal the number of fetuses she is carrying, detect abnormalities in the fetus, and give clues to the sex of the baby. In this scenario, which of the following prenatal medical procedures is Gwendolyn most likely undergoing?

Fragile X syndrome (2)

Harry is an autistic child and has a short attention span for any task. His intellectual abilities are much lower than other children his age. His pediatrician reveals that Harry has a genetic disorder due to an abnormality in his X chromosome, which has become constricted. Harry most likely suffers from?

At least one X chromosome

Human embryos must possess _____ to be viable.

About 21,000.

In 2001, the Human Genome Project reported that humans have about 30,000 genes. By 2018, researchers had revised that number to?

Less than 10 percent

In Holland, more than 40 percent of babies are delivered by midwives. In 2017, how many women in the United States delivered a baby were with the assistance of a midwife?

A shorter; reduced; improved

In a recent research review, massage of preterm infants in the NICU was associated with _____ length of stay, _____ pain, and _____ weight gain.

Determine the behavioral similarity of identical twins compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.

In twin studies, it is most common to?

Down syndrome

Jason, a 4-year-old, has an intellectual disability and has shorter limbs than other children his age. His pediatrician observes that Jason has a protruding tongue and an extra fold of skin over his eyelids. Jason's mother informs the pediatrician that she was 30 at the time of Jason's birth and that he was born with a flat skull. From this information, the pediatrician will most likely diagnose Jason with?

Two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms.

Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from?

Sickle-cell anemia

Joshua, a 2-year-old, has been diagnosed with _____, a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This genetic disorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea.

Diabetes.

Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing abnormal metabolism of sugar. She is receiving insulin treatment. Lindsay has?

Ethnicity

Many factors influence both the severity of the damage to an embryo or fetus and the type of defect from a particular teratogen, EXCEPT?

Phenotype.

Marly describes her friend Gina as having blond hair, green eyes, and fair skin with freckles. Marly has described Gina's?

Spina bifida

Mary and Jim are expecting a child. During prenatal diagnostic testing, the doctor confirms that the fetus has a genetic abnormality that will lead to a neural tube disorder, causing brain and spine abnormalities. He also tells the parents that the baby will most likely have protruding tissue, especially from the lower back, and that the abnormality can be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy. What disorder is Mary and Jim's child suffering from?

Recessive gene.

Mateo, an infant, is on a special diet, as his parents are aware that he has a genetic disorder in which he cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. Mateo's parents are also aware of the importance of this diet and that excess phenylalanine buildup in the infant will produce intellectual disability and hyperactivity. This genetic disorder results from a?

Eggs and sperm

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form?

A single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm.

Melody and Harmony are identical twins. This means that they developed from?

Turner syndrome.

Natasha has a short stature, even though everyone else in her family is tall. Unlike her family members and relatives, she has a webbed neck. She dislikes mathematics, as she has difficulty understanding the subject. However, she takes part in and enjoys activities that require verbal communication. Natasha's doctor informs her parents that she is missing an X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. The symptoms and the cause of the symptoms most likely indicate that Natasha has

Preterm or low birth weight.

Newborns born to mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy were more likely to be born?

Males have only one copy of the X chromosome.

Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males because?

E-cigarette aerosols

One recent, dramatic shift in popular methods of nicotine use is significant to infant health: Research shows chronic exposure to _____ increases the chance of low birth weight in offspring.

Blood transfusions

Paul has a gene-linked abnormality, and as a result he suffers from an X-linked inheritance disease. Because of this disease, Paul suffers from internal and external bleeding due to delayed blood clotting. Which of the following will effectively treat Paul's condition?

Physical; psychological

Phenotypes include _____ and _____ characteristics.

Phenylalanine

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize _____, an amino acid.

Evolutionary psychology

Psychology's newest approach, _____, emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

Mindset.

Recent studies have documented gene-gene interaction in all EXCEPT

Gene behavior

Researchers have found that diet, tobacco, and lack of sleep may affect ______ through the process of methylation, which can contribute to depression, obesity, and various forms of cancer.

Cystic fibrosis

Samantha is diagnosed with a genetic disorder. She suffers from a glandular dysfunction that hinders mucus production. She has difficulty in breathing, and her digestion is hampered. She also has frequent lung infections and suffers from shortness of breath. In this scenario, what genetic disorders is Samantha most likely suffering from?

Turner syndrome

Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and has a webbed neck. Her doctor has determined that she has one X chromosome missing. Sandra most likely has?

Is female.

Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha?

Methylation

Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise, mainly through a process called _____, in which tiny atoms attach themselves to the outside of a gene.

Sickle-cell anemia (2)

Tamara, an African American, is born with a genetic disorder that causes her body's red blood cells to become hook-shaped instead of being disk shaped, impairing the normal oxygen-carrying capacity of the cells. The doctors explain to Tamara's parents that this condition makes her resistant to malaria, however. What disorder is Tamara most likely suffering from?

Epigenetic

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

It measures three substances in the mother's blood.

The current maternal blood screening test is called the triple screen because?

Klinefelter syndrome.

Timothy's wife is having trouble conceiving a child despite reports on her reproductive fitness being normal. However, on examining Timothy, the doctor determines that his testes are undeveloped, and that he has enlarged breasts. He also observes that Timothy is unusually tall, although his parents and grandparents are of short stature. The doctor informs Timothy that these symptoms are due to Timothy having an extra X chromosome, making him XXY instead of XY. Timothy most likely suffers from?

Evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.

The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods, a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how

Evocative genotype-environment correlation

Timothy is a shy 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. He is always distracted in class and refuses to cooperate with other students during class activities. He does not volunteer to answer questions, and as his teachers find it difficult to elicit any response from him, they choose to ignore him. He is not liked by his classmates as he never shares his belongings. As a result, he mostly plays by himself. Based on Sandra Scarr's description of the three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated, what correlation is exhibited in this scenario?

Chromosomes

The nucleus of each human cell contains _____, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Passive genotype-environment correlation.

Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they've taken her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n)?

Fragile X syndrome.

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results in his having an intellectual disability. His mother informs Tristan's pediatrician that Tristan has an extremely short attention span for any task. Based on Tristan's symptoms, the pediatrician is most likely to diagnose Tristan with

Genotype.

Vanda's genetic heritage comprising her actual genetic material makes up her?

Many genes collaborate with each other as well as with nongenetic factors.

What best describes the way genes shape an individual human life?

Hemophilia

What condition is due to an X-linked inheritance?

Lower level executive function

What has been a consequence of the improved survival rate of extremely preterm and low birth weight infants?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

What is a gene-linked abnormality?

Phenylketonuria (PKU) (2)

What is a gene-linked abnormality?

Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument.

What is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?

They have underdeveloped testes.

What is most likely a characteristic of persons with Klinefelter syndrome?

An increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used.

What is the main risk factor that a couple must be aware of when undergoing fertility treatments?

The placenta

What is the vascular organ that links the fetus to the mother's uterus?

Its symptoms include retardation of motor and mental abilities.

What is true of Down syndrome?

Mitosis results in the formation of two new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.

What is true of mitosis?

It results from a recessive gene.

What is true of phenylketonuria?

Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in females.

What statement about Turner syndrome is true?

Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup. (2)

What statement accurately reflects a key concept of evolutionary developmental psychology?

Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.

What statement is true regarding evolutionary developmental psychology?

Events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.

What statement is true regarding the activity of genes?

Both CVS and amniocentesis provide valuable information about the presence of birth defects.

What statement regarding chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis is true?

Jane, a 41-year-old European American woman

What woman has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?

Physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics

What would be an appropriate course of treatment for a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis?

Proteins

_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.

Evocative genotype-environment

_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

Identical twins

_____ develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically matching replicas, each of which becomes a person.

Longevity

_____ genes are those that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.

Charles Darwin

_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.

DNA

_____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information.

Hemophilia (2)

_____ is a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.

Fertilization

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

Behavior genetics

_____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

Gene × environment (G × E) interaction

_____ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.

A phenotype

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.

Microcephaly

_____ refers to an abnormally small brain of a fetus that can lead to intellectual disability.

Genes

_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.