Chapter 2 PSY 394
Which of the following does not belong?
Androgyny. This shows a combination of masculine and feminine behavioral characteristics.
At around 6-7 weeks, all but which of the following are happening?
The ovaries are making estrogen.
Which of the following is true?
The y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and carries far fewer genes.
All but which of the following might contribute to a bisexual or lesbian identity in CAH women?
Their female internal reproductive organs.
All but which of the following are true of PAIS?
They are always bisexual.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding chromosomes?
They are the same thing as genes. They are the 'scaffolding' to which genes adhere.
All but which of the following are true of MAIS at birth?
They have ambiguous genitalia. While a few details may be 'off,' such as a hypospadias or undescended testes, otherwise their genitalia are normal-appearing.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding CAH?
They have normal female external genitalia.
Which of the following does not belong?
bigender surgery
Ovaries and testes are
both homologous and analogous.
In essence, AIS occurs when a person
cannot utilize testosterone.
Which one of the following would NOT be considered a sexual component?
career choice
Which of the following is NOT a sex or gender factor?
career choice.
Which one is NOT a synonym of genderqueer?
cisgender
Prenatal exposure to testosterone has all but which of the following effects?
creates male gonads.
5-ARD offers us an opportunity to learn more about the timing of ___ development.
gender identity and gender role
All but which of the following suggest that there was some masculinization of the brain in CAH women?
greater emotionality
All but which of the following might be part of the, at birth, presentation of 5-ARD?
gynecomastia
A female-to-male transsexual who is 'straight' is
gynephilic
A lesbian is
gynephilic
A male-to-female transsexual who is 'gay' is
gynephilic
A cisgender person
has a gender identity that matches their natal sex.
It is probably best to say that the scrotum and the labia major are
homologous.
The function of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance is to
inhibit the development of the Mullerian ducts.
Assigned sex refers to
into which sex your parents decided to raise you.
Another good reason to leave testes until after puberty is
it enables her to make a decision for herself. The field is moving towards not doing any unnecessary surgery without the full consent of the patient.
Girls with CAIS are born with
normal female genitalia.
One is considered to have a DSD when
one has some sex/gender factor(s) that is/are inconsistent with the rest
While follow up research would suggest that it's possible to create a female person with the right surgery, hormones and rearing,
one has to wonder how many 'suffered in silence.' With what we know now about the influence of prenatal hormones, one has to wonder how many of those 'success' cases were not really, but that the patients blamed themselves for not being better adjusted.
One reason a baby with normal female genitalia would undergo further investigation of her sex is because
prenatal testing revealed Xy chromosomes. Usually babies with Xy chromosomes do NOT have female genitalia, so they would want to explore further to find out what was going on.
CAH girls manifest a pattern that supports the notion that
prenatal testosterone usually results in gynephilia.
When it was standard practice to make all genitalia 'normal' as soon as possible,
some girls were left with desensitized genitalia.
The term 'transsexual' is usually reserved for
someone who is seeking or has completed some biological sexual transformation.
CAH is treated with
steroids.
The role of the SRY gene is to
tell the gonads to become testes. SRY stands for sex-determing region of the y chromosome, and its function is to tell the gonads to become testes.
One will find more cases of 5-ARD in countries
that have a great deal of intermarriage.
The Prader Scale measures
the degree of masculinization of the external genitalia. Notice that all of the female internal reproductive organs are female.
In the presence of testosterone, the genital tubercle will become
the glans penis
In the absence of testosterone, the labioscrotal swelling will become
the labia majora
The gender binary
the notion that there are only two sexes.
In the presence of testosterone, the Wolffian ducts develop into all but which of the following?
the prostate. The prostate gland develops from a different undifferentiated structure.
Sex of assignment refers to
the sex you were sent home to be raised as.
The reason a young woman with CAIS may need vaginoplasty is because
the upper vagina is part of the Mullerian ducts which never developed.
The glans penis and glans clitoris are analogous in that
they both have the function of providing pleasure.
When we say that two structures are homologous, we mean
they came from the same fetal tissue.
Men with MAIS may need ICSI
to enable them to father children. Men with MAIS often have fertility problems, but if they can secure immature sperm directly from the testes, they may be able to fertilize eggs.
When it comes to PAIS,
we will be wrong one half the time when assigning them.
Under what circumstances is CAIS diagnosed close to birth?
when the testes attempt to descend into the labia.
Dr. Spencer defines sexual identity as
where you fall on the erotophobia/erotophilia continuum.
In the past, an important criterion used for deciding how to 'assign' a newborn is
whether or not a penis would function in adult penis-vagina intercourse.
The controversy regarding 5-ARD is
whether the gender identity that emerges at puberty was biologically determined.
What determines your genetic sex?
whether the sperm carries an X chromosome or a y chromosome. Eggs can only contribute an X chromosome. It is the sperm that ultimately determines the genetic sex.
The defining characteristic of sexual orientation is
whom you could love.
An XX person with an SRY gene
will develop in a male direction.
When we say that female development is the 'default' option, we mean that
without a SRY gene, all development would be female.
We are only concerned about Xy folks and 5-ARD because
women don't need DHT so they would not be impacted.
Your karyotype is
your chromosome configuration, which includes a description of your sex chromosomes.
Gender role is
your outward, behavioral expression of your gender identity.
Gender identity is defined as
your personal sense of yourself as male or female.
All but which of the following are likely to be part of a diagnostic process at birth for CAH?
A trial of androgen to see if there is additional masculinization.
All but which of the following are likely true?
Gender identity is established after external genitalia
In addition to the external genitalia, what other masculinizing effects does CAH have?
Gender role behavior
Cloacal Extrophy occurs when an otherwise normal boy is without a penis.
Historically, they were raised as girls, but many later announced that they were males.
Dysphoria, in essence, means unhappiness.
If one is 'gender dysphoric', one is unhappy with one's assigned gender.
If the 'parent' cell is 46,XX, then the two 'daughter' cells will also be 46,XX.
If the 'parent' cell is 46,Xy, then the two 'daughter' cells are 46,Xy.
Usually, a CAIS person is diagnosed
at puberty when there is no menstruation.
What happens in 'crossing over'?
In meiosis, the chromosomes exchange material before splitting. This is what accounts for the infinite genetic variety created by human reproduction.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding CAH?
It is contagious
In the absence of MIS, the Mullerian ducts will develop into all but which of the following?
Labia majora. Formed a little later and are not part of the internal female reproductive structures.
When males with micropenis are assigned female
50% of the time this will not work out.
The number of PAIS folks who are transgender, confused, gender dysphoric probably approaches
50%.
Why do we wait until after puberty to remove testes from a CAIS adolescent?
Because testosterone is converted to estrogen. The estrogen that she gets from testosterone conversion allows her to experience normal pubertal development, except without menstruation, of course.
The most common DSD is
CAH.
Which pair of structures is both homologous and analogous?
Cowper's gland, Bartholin's glands
How does an X chromosome get an SRY gene?
During the crossing over process in meiosis, during the slow dance.
What is the difference between sex reassignment and gender reassignment?
Sex reassignment has more to do with biological changes
All but which of the following have been suggested as factors which could have influenced a shift in gender identity at puberty?
Sibling Configuration
Which is the more derogatory term?
Sissy
Because the normal testes make MIS, the Mullerian ducts do not develop either.
So, AIS folks do not have any internal reproductive organs. And, because the 'default' is female, they have normal female external genitalia.
Phenotype is your behavioral expression/manifestation of your karyotype which is your chromosome configuration.
So, the phenotype is what you 'see' as a result of your chromosomes.
All but which of the following is true of CAIS at puberty?
They reject their female sex assignment. In as much as CAIS girls did not have any testosterone influence, they are perfectly comfortable with their sex of rearing and their gender identities are female.
All but which of the following are often true of MAIS at puberty?
They usually announce that they are bisexual.
In mitosis, one starts with ___ and ends up with ___.
a 46-chromosome cell; 46-chromosome cells
In males, meiosis starts with ___ and ends with ___.
a 46-chromosome cell; four 23-chromosome cells. Special 46-chromosome cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testes create sperm by first multiplying and then dividing twice.
In females, meiosis starts with ___ and ends up with ___.
a 46-chromosome cell; one 23-chromosome cell
Hermaphroditism occurs when
a person has both testicular and ovarian tissue in their body.
Historically, the main criterion used in deciding to assign male or female was
adult functioning of the phallus.
Boys with 5-ARD
are born with ambiguous genitalia.
Today's recommendations regarding genital surgery on newborns
are likely to be guided by expectations regarding the likely adult gender identity.
The larger question pertaining to genital surgery and sex assignment is
are we ready, as a culture, to move away from the gender binary?
Unless very highly masculinized, it is recommended that CAH girls be raised
as females.
Currently, 5-ARD folks are raised
as males, as it is expected that they will want to be male. They are raised as males as so very many will want to be males at puberty.
The diagnostic sign in puberty that may indicate AIS is
lack of menstruation.
Philia is the Greek root for
love
A transgender person
manifests a cross-gender identity.
It would be appropriate to say that Carl had a ___ demeanor and ___ genitalia.
masculine; male
All but which of the following occur to 5-ARD folks at puberty?
menstruation starts
An important component of the medical management of ambiguous genitalia today is
mental health professionals to advise parents on what's best.
What is the difference between a transsexual and a transvestite?
most transvestites have a gender identity that matches their natal sex
For internal reproductive organs, folks with AIS have
no internal reproductive organs.
